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. 2018 Jun 13;8:9054. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-27092-y

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Haplotype network of 43 An. funestus mitogenomes. In this TCS network, each node indicates a haplotype, with nodes colored according to origin. The number of mutational steps between nodes are indicated in parentheses beside the line connecting one node to another. One group of samples (all lineage II) did not connect to the main cluster within 95 mutational steps (over a 95% confidence limit for connectivity): these are shown in the box in the lower right. There are two distinct groups within the main cluster (lineage I): one more highly clustered (cluster A), and another with fewer, more-distant nodes (cluster B). Cluster A and B in lineage I are separated by ≥42 mutations. The size of each node indicates the number of samples sharing a specific haplotype.