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. 2018 Jun 13;8:9067. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-27391-4

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Perinatal iron exposures and risk of type 1 diabetes. (a) Risk of type 1 diabetes in the offspring by use of iron-containing supplements during pregnancy. Picture: ^©Can Stock Photo/Eraxion, ^©Can Stock Photo/adekvat and from http://www.ebi.ac.uk/. (b) Maternal iron supplement use, type of supplement used, duration of iron supplements and risk of type 1 diabetes. (c) Cord blood ferritin and soluble transferrin receptor (TfR) among children who later developed type 1 diabetes (cases) and randomly selected controls from the same cohort. (d) Maternal and fetal HFE genotype among children who later developed type 1 diabetes (cases) and randomly selected controls from the same cohort. Panel b and c Adjusted for maternal age and education, smoking, parity, pre-pregnancy BMI, mode of delivery, birth weight and prematurity, maternal type 1 diabetes, maternal celiac disease and diagnosed maternal anaemia (<17 weeks). Panel c additionally adjusted for year of birth. Ferritin quartiles: 1^st quartile < 96 mg/L, 2^nd quartile 96–142 mg/L, 3^rd quartile 142.1–207 mg/L, 4^th quartile >207 mg/L. sTFR quartiles: 1^st quartile <2.15 mg/L, 2^nd quartile 2.15–2.63 mg/L, 3^rd quartile 2.631–3.31 mg/L, 4^th quartile >3.31 mg/L. Panel d Reciprocally adjustment for maternal/fetal genotype Standard genotype: Wild type HFE allele at both loci (C282 and H63). Intermediate genotype: p.63D/63D homozygotes and 63D or 282Y heterozygotes High genotype: p.282Y homozygous or p.282Y/63D compound heterozygotes.