Table 1.
Variables | Prescription drugs | Illicit opioids | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sedatives | Opioids | Steroids | Stimulants | Other | ||
Within US | ||||||
Before change: | ||||||
β coefficient | 4.468 | 2.383 | −0.789 | 1.914 | −5.904 | 10.027 |
SE | 2.955 | 4.002 | 1.080 | 2.106 | 5.585 | 4.899 |
P value | 0.13 | 0.55 | 0.47 | 0.36 | 0.29 | <0.05 |
After change: | ||||||
β coefficient | 0.797 | 3.946 | −0.166 | −0.197 | 0.948 | −4.185 |
SE | 0.937 | 1.269 | 0.343 | 0.668 | 0.618 | 2.042 |
P value | 0.40 | <0.01 | 0.63 | 0.77 | 0.13 | <0.05 |
Outside US | ||||||
Before change | ||||||
β coefficient | 1.725 | 1.598 | 0.300 | −0.460 | 0.456 | 5.242 |
SE | 3.419 | 1.323 | 0.871 | 1.015 | 0.515 | 1.789 |
P value | 0.61 | 0.23 | 0.73 | 0.65 | 0.38 | <0.001 |
After change: | ||||||
β coefficient | −1.496 | −0.162 | −0.235 | 0.218 | −0.166 | −0.679 |
SE | 0.898 | 0.348 | 0.229 | 0.267 | 0.204 | 0.470 |
P value | 0.10 | 0.64 | 0.31 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.15 |
Coefficients were estimated on a daily percentage rate basis and converted to a rate over a full year (multiplying by 365) to aid interpretation.