Figure 4.

Four right hip poses of the common quail corresponding to the following (FE°, ABAD°, LAR°) triplets: (a) viable but biologically unreasonable (−100, 50, 100); (b) viable and possible with joint capsule intact (30, 30, 20); (c) bat-like (90, 70, 0); and (d) inviable (0, 10, −130). The 3D points representing these poses are plotted on a ROM map containing ‘osteological’ (grey) and ‘ligamentous’ (teal) quail hip ROM envelopes. A visual guide to interpreting this figure is provided as electronic supplementary material, movie S1. The map is viewed from an (azimuth°, elevation°) viewpoint of (210, 15); electronic supplementary material, figure S2 and movie S2 include other views. (Online version in colour.)