TABLE 2.

Key features of the ICAP framework of student engagement (as proposed and documented in Chi and Wylie, 2014)

Category	Description	Knowledge-change process	Example behaviors	Cognitive outcomes
Passive	Receiving	Storing	Reading, listening or viewing without note taking or other overt processing	Recall
Active	Manipulating	Integrating	Transcribing notes, highlighting text, rehearsing	Application
Constructive	Generating	Inferring (integrating, comparing, explaining, reflecting)	Self-explaining, making concept maps, taking notes of one’s own	Transfer
Interactive	Dialoguing	Co-inferring (taking turns generating knowledge and incorporating feedback)	Defending a stance, explaining and querying each other, debating options	Co-creation