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Stimulatory effects of Fe2+ (A) and Fe3+ (B) on biofilm formation in C. jejuni NCTC 11168. Biofilms were observed with fluorescence microscopy after staining with SYTO9, BOBO3, and calcofluor white (CW) to detect total DNA (i.e., biofilm structures), extracellular DNA, and extracellular polysaccharides, respectively. The experiments were repeated three times and generated similar results. DFMS and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) were used as an iron chelator and an antioxidant, respectively.
