TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of overweight and obese participants in the control and treatment groups
| Treatment group | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Control group | 25 g quinoa/d | 50 g quinoa/d | P 1 |
| Participants, n | 16 | 16 | 18 | |
| Sex (M/F), n (%) | 5 (31.52)/11 (68.75) | 7 (43.75)/9 (56.25) | 4 (21.05)/14 (78.94) | |
| Age,2 y | 38 (22–59) | 35 (21–61) | 40 (21–64) | 0.447 |
| BMI,2 kg/m2 | 29.91 (25.3–41.2) | 32.84 (25.9–46.1) | 31.49 (25–39.5) | 0.287 |
| Body composition | ||||
| Body weight, kg | 81.28 ± 4.033 | 89.91 ± 4.31 | 85.85 ± 2.80 | 0.286 |
| Body fat, % | 40.21 ± 2.0 | 41.41 ± 1.73 | 41.25 ± 1.72 | 0.894 |
| Total lean tissue, % | 61.22 ± 2.36 | 59.79 ± 2.14 | 58.75 ± 1.72 | 0.862 |
| Bone mineral density, g/cm2 | 2.42 ± 0.12 | 2.46 ± 0.10 | 2.48 ± 0.09 | 0.927 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 102.97 ± 3.19 | 109.32 ± 3.64 | 106.63 ± 2.07 | 0.268 |
| Lipid profile and glucose,4 mmol/L | ||||
| Total cholesterol | 4.69 (3.49–5.38) | 4.45 (3.32–5.49) | 4.36 (3.51–5.58) | 0.729 |
| LDL cholesterol | 3.93 (2.90–4.45) | 3.90 (3.10–4.69) | 3.25 (2.87–3.53) | 0.221 |
| HDL cholesterol | 1.20 (0.80–1.43) | 1.04 (0.89–1.23) | 1.28 (0.79–1.56) | 0.749 |
| TGs | 1.07 (0.84–1.21) | 1.36 (0.90–2.38) | 1.14 (0.611–1.73) | 0.345 |
| Fasting glucose | 4.71 (4.58–5.07) | 4.85 (4.58–6.63) | 4.65 (4.19–5.09) | 0.481 |
| Hormones4 | ||||
| Adiponectin, µg/mL | 15.33 (9.74–27.10) | 10.73 (4.83–15.27) | 13.91(10.28–21.50) | 0.176 |
| Leptin, ng/mL | 11.08 (3.85–17.18) | 10.86 (5.52–15.82) | 6.64 (3.45–20.4) | 0.947 |
| C-peptide, ng/mL | 1.00 (0.71–1.12) | 1.04 (0.88–1.72) | 0.99 (0.84–1.43) | 0.398 |
| Insulin, mIU/L | 11.31 (4.97–16.69) | 11.60 (3.21–15.89) | 11.46 (7.65–19.34) | 0.551 |
| Nutrient intake | ||||
| Energy, kJ | 8066.71 ± 691.32 | 7908.55 ± 774.10 | 7618.25 ± 595.96 | 0.885 |
| Protein, g | 87.68 ± 11.14 | 85.37 ± 13.38 | 84.53 ± 6.13 | 0.972 |
| Total fat, g | 75.86 ± 7.54 | 73.65 ± 8.07 | 79.64 ± 7.38 | 0.851 |
| Carbohydrates, g | 201.96 ± 16.92 | 193.52 ± 14.59 | 167.23 ± 17.25 | 0.296 |
| Dietary fiber, g | 23.60 ± 2.42 | 24.20 ± 3.85 | 22.52 ± 2.26 | 0.908 |
| Protein, % of energy | 18.30 ± 1.32 | 17.57 ± 1.27 | 19.51 ± 1.27 | 0.559 |
| Total fat, % of energy | 34.80 ± 1.72 | 34.40 ± 1.51 | 38.54 ± 1.81 | 0.171 |
| Carbohydrates, % of energy | 41.64 ± 1.21 | 42.07 ± 2.15 | 39.64 ± 1.53 | 0.610 |
| Fiber, % of energy | 2.46 ± 0.27 | 2.43 ± 0.20 | 2.53 ± 0.22 | 0.948 |
| Other nutrients, % of energy | 0.94 ± 0.16 | 1.23 ± 0.20 | 1.04 ± 0.17 | 0.531 |
1
Derived by using 1-factor ANOVA for body composition and nutrient intake and Kruskal-Wallis test for lipid profile, glucose, and hormones.
2
Values are means (ranges).
3
Values are means ± SEMs.
4
Values are medians (IQRs).