TABLE 4.
Potential dietary biomarkers of intake by metabolic pathway for 3 complementary legume foods1
| Metabolic pathways | Dietary biom arker | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Corn-soybean blend | Common bean | Cowpea | |
| Amino acid | Putrescine2 (36), argininosuccinate | 3-Methoxytyramine, serotonin2 (37), tryptophan betaine, dimethylglycine2 (38) | Ophthalmate, S-methylglutathione, 2-methylbutyrylcarnitine (C5), 3-hydroxy-2-ethylpropionate, 3-hydroxyisobutyrate, 3-methyl-2-oxovalerate, hypotaurine2 (39), N-acetyltaurine |
| Carbohydrate | N-acetylglucosamine/N-acetylgalactosamine, arabinose,3 ribose2 (40), ribulose/xylulose | — | N-acetyl-glucosamine-1-phosphate |
| Cofactors and vitamins | Dehydroascorbate, riboflavin (vitamin B-2)2 (41), α-tocopherol acetate, α-tocotrienol2,3 (42, 43), γ-tocotrienol2,3 (42, 43) | — | FMN |
| Energy | Succinylcarnitine | — | — |
| Lipid | Caproate (6:0), glycerophosphoserine, valerate (5:0) | Diacylglycerol (12:0/18:1, 14:0/16:1, 16:0/14:1), propionylcarnitine (C3), 1-pentadecanoylglycerol (15:0) | Palmitoyl-oleoyl-glycerol (16:0/18:1), adipate, nervonate (24:1n–9), 1-myristoylglycerol (14:0), 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-GPE (16:0/20:4), docosadienoate (22:2n–6), N-palmitoyl-sphingosine (d18:1/16:0), stearoyl sphingomyelin (d18:1/18:0) |
| Nucleotide | — | 2′-GMP, 3′-CMP, thymine 3′-UMP | 3′-GMP, N2,N2-dimethylguanosine |
| Peptide | — | Leucylalanine, phenylalanylalanine | Alanylleucine, glycylleucine, lysylleucine, valylglutamine, valylleucine, γ-glutamyl-α-lysine, γ-glutamylglycine |
| Xenobiotic | 1,1-Kestotetraose, 2-oxindole-3-acetate, chlorogenate, coumaroylquinates 2–5, feruloylputrescine | Oleanolic acid2,3 (44) | Benzoate, dihydroquercetin (taxifolin)2 (45), eriocitrin, eriodictyol2 (46), galacturonate, quercetin 3-galactoside2,3 (47, 48), quercetin 3-glucoside2,3 (48), quercetin2,3 (48), secoisolariciresinol |
1
A total of 24 metabolites were solely detected in the corn-soybean blend, 14 metabolites were unique in the common bean, and 36 metabolites in the cowpea.
2
Metabolite with evidence of anti-inflammatory activity.
3
Metabolite that has been previously identified in soybean, common bean, or cowpea and considered a strong potential dietary biomarker for these legume foods.