TABLE 4.

Logistic regression of food environment factors associated with food security for FoodAPS households in the United States¹

Food environment indicators	Low-income groups (n = 1918)	All income groups (n = 4809)
Distance to nearest retailer, miles
≤0.5	Reference	Reference
>0.5 to 1	0.86 (0.66, 1.11)	0.91 (0.67, 1.23)
>1 to 10	0.83 (0.54, 1.27)	1.08 (0.79, 1.50)
>10	1.39 (0.43, 4.49)	0.72 (0.33, 1.53)
Car ownership	1.06 (0.75, 1.50)	0.96 (0.68, 1.34)
SNAP/income group
Non-SNAP
<100% FPL	—	Reference
100 to <185% FPL	—	1.74* (1.19, 2.53)
≥185% FPL	—	5.72* (3.75, 8.73)
SNAP	0.82 (0.57, 1.17)	0.85 (0.59, 1.21)
Distance to primary retailer, miles
≤0.5	Reference	Reference
>0.5 to 1	0.73 (0.46, 1.17)	0.93 (0.62, 1.39)
>1 to 10	0.97 (0.60, 1.58)	1.25 (0.75, 2.07)
>10	0.89 (0.39, 2.06)	1.75 (0.89, 3.43)
Transportation mode to primary retailer
Own auto	Reference	Reference
Another auto	0.59* (0.38, 0.90)	0.56* (0.40, 0.80)
Other mode	0.32* (0.17, 0.61)	0.47* (0.32, 0.69)
Reason for choosing primary retailer
Low prices	0.62* (0.41, 0.93)	0.72 (0.50, 1.04)
Close	1.04 (0.64, 1.67)	0.97 (0.64, 1.47)
Both	0.90 (0.52, 1.58)	0.94 (0.64, 1.37)
Neither	Reference	Reference
Race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic	Reference	Reference
Black, non-Hispanic	1.19 (0.85, 1.66)	0.77 (0.55, 1.06)
Other, non-Hispanic	1.05 (0.55, 2.02)	0.61* (0.61, 0.92)
Hispanic	1.07 (0.80, 1.43)	0.68* (0.49, 0.94)
Metropolitan	1.06 (0.84, 1.33)	1.00 (0.76, 1.31)
Female sex	0.86 (0.62, 1.19)	1.04 (0.81, 1.34)
High school graduate	1.40 (0.94, 2.08)	1.44* (1.11, 1.86)
College graduate	1.70 (0.92, 3.15)	2.82* (1.77, 4.50)

¹Values are ORs (95% CIs). *P < 0.05. FoodAPS, Food Acquisition and Purchasing Survey; FPL, federal poverty level; SNAP, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.