Figure 3.

Pre-to-post changes in standard scores on reading composite and subtests and composite by group. Positive scores indicate a score increase, while negative scores indicate a score decrease. “Intervention Total” combines intervention nonresponders and intervention responders. Reading Composite is the average of standard scores on all 4 subtests. Word Identification and Word Attack are subtests of the “Woodcock Reading Mastery Test, 3rd edition” (WRMT-3). Sight word efficiency and phonemic decoding efficiency are subtests of the “Test of Word Reading Efficiency, 2nd edition” (TOWRE-2). Error bars represent standard errors. **P < 0.01.