Table 1.

List of standardized assessments administered before intervention, participants’ average standard scores, and correlations with SES. Partial correlations between SES and reading scores control for standardized KBIT-2 scores.

Assessment	M (SD)	Zero-order correlation with SES	Partial correlation with SES
Nonverbal cognition
KBIT-2 matrices	103.09 (14.05)	r = 0.23***	N/A
Oral language
PPVT-4 (receptive vocabulary)	107.03 (12.50)	r = 0.37**	r = 0.32**
Phonological awareness
CTOPP elision	8.49 (2.02)	r = 0.02	r = −0.02
CTOPP blending words	10.12 (2.27)	r = −0.08	r = −0.13
Phonological memory
CTOPP nonword repetition	7.92 (1.18)	r = −0.02	r = −0.07
CTOPP memory for digits	9.23 (2.33)	r = 0.05	r = 0.02
Rapid automatized naming
RAN/RAS objects	89.79 (13.65)	r = 0.02	r = 0.07
RAN/RAS letters	95.33 (11.49)	r = 0.08	r = 0.09
RAN/RAS 2-set letters and numbers	96.23 (11.90)	r = −0.03	r = −0.04
Single word/nonword reading accuracy
WRMT-3 word identification	85.11 (9.82)	r = 0.13	r = 0.04
WRMT-3 word attack	86.72 (11.69)	r = 0.26*	r = 0.15
Single word/nonword reading fluency
TOWRE-2 sight word efficiency	84.54 (10.67)	r = 0.09	r = 0.05
TOWRE-2 phonemic decoding efficiency	80.80 (9.89)	r = 0.17	r = 0.11
Reading composite	84.08 (8.71)	r = 0.24***	r = 0.19

Note: All assessments have a mean standard score of 100, with a standard deviation of 15, except CTOPP which has a mean scaled score of 10 and a standard deviation of 3. KBIT-2 = Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, second edition, PPVT-4 = Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, fourth edition, CTOPP = Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing, RAN/RAS = Rapid Automatized Naming and Rapid Alternating Stimulus Tests, WRMT-3 = Woodcock Reading Mastery Test, third edition, TOWRE-2 = Test of Word Reading Efficiency, second edition.

*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.1.