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. 2018 Feb 27;32(7):3844–3858. doi: 10.1096/fj.201701378RR

Figure 3.

Figure 3

ADF reduces RER and energy expenditure, and triggers ketogenesis, which is enhanced by exercise. A) Blood glucose levels on feeding and food-deprivation days before and after 45 min training on treadmill during fourth week of training. B). Blood ketone levels on feeding and food-deprivation days before and after 45 min training on treadmill during fourth week of training. C) RER during 60-h time period in mice in CTRL, ADF, EX, and EXADF groups. On food-deprivation days, RER was greatly reduced in mice in ADF and EXADF groups, while on feeding days mice in ADF and EXADF groups exhibited higher RERs compared to mice in CTRL and EX groups. D) Energy expenditure during 60 h time period in mice in CTRL, ADF, EX, and EXADF groups. Mice in ADF and EXADF groups exhibited lower energy expenditure on food-deprivation days compared to feeding days and compared to mice in CTRL and EX groups. V are means ± sem [n = 8 CTRL, n = 8 ADF, n = 9 EX, and n = 9 EXADF mice (A); n = 4 CTRL, n = 4 ADF, n = 4 EX, and n = 4 EXADF mice (B); and n = 7 CTRL, n = 8 ADF, n = 9 EX, and n = 8 EXADF mice (C, D)]. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.