Figure 4.

ADF switches fuel utilization from carbohydrates to fats during exercise, and enhances endurance running performance without affecting Vo_2max. A) VO₂ rates during Vo_2max exercise test 4 wk after initiation of dietary and exercise interventions. B) RER during Vo_2max exercise test 4 wk after initiation of dietary and exercise interventions. RER was significantly lower in EXADF group compared to other groups, indicating high reliance on fat and ketone metabolism during exercise. C) Vo_2max rates during exercise before initiation of diet and exercise interventions (basal) and 4 wk after initiation of interventions. D, E) Running endurance test of mice after 7 wk of diet and exercise interventions. Mice in EX and EXADF groups ran significantly further (D) and longer (E) than mice in CTRL and ADF groups. Mice in EXADF group ran significantly further and longer than mice in EX. Values are means ± sem [n = 8 CTRL, n = 8 ADF, n = 9 EX, and n = 9 EXADF mice (A, C); n = 7 CTRL, n = 8 ADF, n = 9 EX, and n = 8 EXADF mice (D, E)]. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.