Table 1.
Language background measures by age group and language group.
| Younger Adults | Older Adults | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||||||
| ML (N = 40) |
BL (N = 44) |
TL (N = 22) |
ML (N = 52) |
BL (N = 20) |
TL (N = 22) |
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|
| ||||||||||||
| n | M (SD) | n | M (SD) | n | M (SD) | n | M (SD) | n | M (SD) | n | M (SD) | |
| English AoA | 40 | 0.8 (1.3) | 44 | 6.1 (5.3) | 22 | 5.8 (4.1) | 52 | 0.5 (1.2) | 20 | 5.5 (4.7) | 22 | 8.3 (4.8) |
| Non-English Language 1 AoA | 10 | 9.8 (5.4) | 44 | 0.8 (2.2) | 22 | 1.9 (2.3) | 33 | 16.7 (15.4) | 20 | 1.7 (3.7) | 22 | 2.3 (3.7) |
| Non-English Language 2 AoA | 4 | 10.0 (5.9) | 7 | 9.6 (6.9) | 22 | 6.4 (6.7) | 12 | 20.5 (19.5) | 10 | 18.1 (13.6) | 22 | 8.7 (8.6) |
| Non-English Language 3 AoA | 0 | . | 0 | . | 7 | 11.4 (8.0) | 2 | 38.0 (32.5) | 6 | 23.8 (14.5) | 16 | 14.8 (13.6) |
|
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| English Proficiency | 40 | 99.8 (1.0) | 44 | 93.1 (9.6) | 22 | 90.1 (13.3) | 52 | 98.7 (3.8) | 20 | 93.3 (9.3) | 22 | 95.7 (7.7) |
| Non-English Language 1 Proficiency | 13 | 12.9 (11.0) | 44 | 90.3 (13.6) | 22 | 93.2 (9.1) | 33 | 13.6 (11.0) | 20 | 86.3 (14.0) | 22 | 97.0 (4.8) |
| Non-English Language 2 Proficiency | 3 | 1.7 (2.9) | 7 | 23.2 (6.1) | 22 | 79.1 (15.8) | 12 | 7.7 (8.5) | 10 | 26.6 (12.7) | 22 | 82.0 (16.7) |
| Non-English Language 3 Proficiency | 0 | . | 0 | . | 9 | 36.7 (30.5) | 2 | 16.3 (12.4) | 6 | 15.8 (9.6) | 16 | 57.6 (29.9) |
|
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| English Usage with Family | 40 | 1.1 (4.6) | 44 | 67.8 (25.7) | 22 | 67.2 (26.9) | 52 | 0.8 (3.8) | 20 | 25.1 (32.0) | 22 | 31.7 (33.9) |
| English Usage with Friends | 40 | 0.4 (2.4) | 44 | 26.0 (21.6) | 22 | 33.2 (21.1) | 52 | 0.3 (1.4) | 20 | 29.1 (24.0) | 22 | 31.3 (27.3) |
| English Usage in the Community | 40 | 2.8 (2.6) | 44 | 10.0 (5.3) | 22 | 9.8 (4.4) | 52 | 0.1 (0.2) | 20 | 9.7 (13.6) | 22 | 20.5 (26.3) |
Note. Self-report ratings of proficiency range from 0 = “no proficiency” to 100 = “fully fluent” and usage from 0 = Always English to 100 = Always Non-English. Proficiency averages are based on ratings of speaking and understanding. Participants were classified into their respective language group based on proficiency profiles of: one, two, or three languages, using a cut-off criterion of 50 as the LSBQ allows participants the option to provide ratings based on any language exposure throughout one’s lifetime. Monolingual Proficiency Ranges: English (Min = 80, Max = 100), Non-English Language 1 (Min = 0, Max = 35), Non-English Language 2 (Min = 0, Max = 30), Non-English Language 3 (Min = 7.5, Max = 25). Bilingual Proficiency Ranges: English (Min = 62.5, Max = 100), Non-English Language 1 (Min = 50, Max = 100), Non-English Language 2 (Min = 5, Max = 45), Non-English Language 3 (Min = 0, Max = 30). Trilingual Proficiency Ranges: English (Min = 60, Max = 100), Non-English Language 1 (Min = 75, Max = 100), Non-English Language 2 (Min = 50, Max = 100), Non-English Language 3 (Min = 5, Max = 100).