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. 2018 Jun 13;13(6):e0197676. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197676

Table 2. Effects of different lifestyle factors and SES indicators on cognitive change.

Lifestyle factors N (%) Cognitive variables
Global cognition Logical memory Executive function Verbal fluency Attention
ß (95% CI) ß (95% CI) ß (95% CI) ß (95% CI) ß (95% CI)
Diet Vegetablesb
 152 (30%)		 0.04
(-0.02, 0.10)		 0.18
(0.07, 0.30)** 		-0.12
(-0.23, -0.02)* 		0.02
(-0.08, 0.12)		 0.01
(-0.08, 0.11)
Fruits
 169 (33%)		 -0.01
(-0.07, 0.05)		 0.003
(-0.11, 0.11)		 -0.07
(-0.17, 0.03)		 -0.02
(-0.11, 0.08)		 0.02
(-0.08, 0.11)
Fishb
 143 (28%)		 0.06
(-0.0003, 0.13)† 		0.09
(-0.03, 0.21)		 0.06
(-0.05, 0.17)		 0.02
(-0.08, 0.12)		 0.07
(-0.02, 0.17)
Coffee or tea
 293 (58%)		 -0.005
(-0.06, 0.05)		 0.02
(-0.09, 0.12)		 0.03
(-0.06, 0.13)		 0.04
(-0.05, 0.13)		 -0.03
(-0.12, 0.06)
Leisure activity Physical act.b
 169 (33%)		 0.03
(-0.03, 0.09)		 0.10
(-0.01, 0.21)† 		0.02
(-0.09, 0.12)		 0.05
(-0.05, 0.14)		 0.01
(-0.08, 0.10)
Social act.
 253 (50%)		 -0.03
(-0.09, 0.03)		 -0.06
(-0.17, 0.04)		 0.02
(-0.08, 0.11)		 -0.02
(-0.11, 0.07)		 0.01
(-0.08, 0.10)
Cognitive act.
 494 (97%)		 -0.10
(-0.27, 0.06)		 -0.21
(-0.52, 0.09)		 0.03
(-0.26, 0.32)		 -0.07
(-0.33, 0.19)		 -0.10
(-0.35, 0.16)
Smoking & alcohol Not smokingb
 494 (97%)		 0.16
(-0.002, 0.33)† 		0.29
(-0.02, 0.60)† 		0.13
(-0.16, 0.42)		 -0.09
(-0.36, 0.17)		 0.18
(-0.07, 0.44)
Light to moderate alcoholb
 33 (6%)		 0.10
(-0.01, 0.22)† 		0.19
(-0.02, 0.41)† 		0.18
(-0.02, 0.38)† 		0.12
(-0.07, 0.30)		 -0.03
(-0.21, 0.15)
Socio- economic status Higher incomeb
 208(43%)		 0.15
(0.10, 0.21)*** 		0.38
(0.28, 0.49)*** 		-0.04
(-0.15,0.06)		 0.03
(-0.06, 0.13)		 0.02
(-0.07,0.11)
Higher occupational complexityb
 264 (52%)		 0.04
(-0.02, 0.10)		 0.18
(0.06, 0.29)** 		-0.08
(-0.19, 0.02)		 -0.02
(-0.11, 0.08)		 0.05
(-0.04, 0.15)
Higher educationb
 304 (60%)a 		0.03
(-0.04, 0.09)		 0.15
(0.03, 0.27)* 		0.02
(-0.08, 0.13)		 0.03
(-0.06, 0.13)		 0.13
(0.03, 0.23)*

The effects of individual healthful lifestyle factors on cognitive change in different domains are presented after adjustment for age, sex, number of years of education, APOE ε4 status, and baseline cognitive domain score.

aAdjusted for age, sex, APOE ε4 status, and baseline cognitive domain score.

b Lifestyle factors with P < 0.10, which were selected for further analyses.

Higher income: annual household income > 33,333 USD. Higher occupational complexity: occupation with higher mental demands. Higher education: education > 12 years. CI = confidence interval; act. = activity.

†P < 0.1,

*P < 0.05,

**P < 0.01,

***P < 0.001.