Table 4. Adjusted effects of individual lifestyle factors and SES indicators on cognitive change.
| Cognitive variables | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lifestyle factors N (%) | Global cognition | Logical memory | Executive function | Verbal fluency | Attention |
| ß (95% CI) | ß (95% CI) | ß (95% CI) | ß (95% CI) | ß (95% CI) | |
| Vegetables 152 (30%) |
-0.0001 (-0.07, 0.07) |
0.10 (-0.01, 0.22) |
-0.10 (-0.21, 0.02) |
-0.01 (-0.12, 0.09) |
-0.01 (-0.11, 0.10) |
| Fish 143 (28%) |
0.07 (0.005, 0.14)* |
0.09 (-0.03, 0.21) |
0.05 (-0.06, 0.17) |
0.02 (-0.09, 0.13) |
0.12 (0.02, 0.22)* |
| Physical act. 169 (33%) |
0.009 (-0.06, 0.07) |
0.03 (-0.08, 0.15) |
0.05 (-0.06, 0.16) |
0.02 (-0.09, 0.12) |
0.01 (-0.09, 0.11) |
| Not smoking 494 (97%) |
0.13 (-0.03, 0.30) |
0.20 (-0.09, 0.50) |
0.20 (-0.09, 0.49) |
-0.11 (-0.37, 0.16) |
0.17 (-0.08, 0.43) |
| Light to moderate alcohol 33 (6%) |
0.09 (-0.03, 0.21) |
0.18 (-0.04, 0.39) |
0.20 (-0.01, 0.41) |
0.10 (-0.10, 0.29) |
-0.10 (-0.29, 0.09) |
| Higher income 208 (43%) |
0.14 (0.08, 0.20)*** |
0.32 (0.21, 0.43)*** |
-0.03 (-0.13, 0.08) |
0.008 (-0.09, 0.11) |
0.02 (-0.07, 0.12) |
| Higher occupational complexity 264 (52%) |
0.02 (-0.04, 0.08) |
0.14 (0.03, 0.26)* |
-0.10 (-0.21, 0.02) |
-0.02 (-0.13, 0.08) |
0.03 (-0.07, 0.13) |
| Higher educationa 304 (60%) |
-0.002 (-0.07, 0.07) |
0.06 (-0.07, 0.18) |
0.04 (-0.08, 0.16) |
0.02 (-0.09, 0.13) |
0.10 (-0.01, 0.21) |
The multivariable model was adjusted for age, sex, number of years of education, APOE ε4 status, baseline cognitive domain score, CES-D score, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, stroke, daily energy intake, occupational complexity, annual household income, and the five lifestyle factors.
a Adjusted for the above covariates except substituting education level (> 12 years, ≤ 12 years) for number of years of education.
Higher income: annual household income > 33,333 USD. Higher occupational complexity: occupation with higher mental demands. Higher education: education > 12 years. CI = confidence interval; act = activity.
*P < 0.05,
***P < 0.001.