Table 3.
How ecosystem services were addressed in the tropical timber, cocoa, soy and palm oil value chain cases
| Chain | Case | Driving stakeholder | Value chain stage where ES addressed | Ecosystem services (ES) | Characterization |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cocoa | Sustainable Trade Action Plan (STAP) 2010 & UTZ certification 2008 | Private sector (international and Dutch) | Whole chain, particularly producers | ES not explicit in STAP but some ES addressed in UTZ standard | Process-orientated pilot, multi-actor platform |
| Payments for ES (PES) 2010 | Private sector (Dutch) | Whole chain, particularly producers | Payments for specific ES | Pilots Ghana & Côte d’Ivoire | |
| Soy | Roundtable for Responsible Soy (RTRS) 2006 | Private sector (international & Dutch), civil society, public sector | Whole chain, particularly producers | Attempts to include some ES in the RTRS standard | Process-orientated pilot, multi-actor platform |
| Palm oil | Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) 2003 | Private sector (international & Dutch) | Whole chain, particularly producers | Some ES addressed in RSPO standard | Process-orientated pilot, multi-actor platform |
| Timber | Sustainable Trade Action Plan (STAP) 2011 | Dutch government | Exporters, manufacturers, retailers | ES implicit via use of voluntary sustainability certification standards | Multi-actor partnerships and platform, finance |
| Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) 1993 & Forest Certification for Ecosystem Services (ForCES) 2012 | Private sector (international & Dutch) | Whole chain, particularly forest owners/concessionaires | ES addressed in the FSC standard; ForCES certifies ES | Process-orientated pilot, multi-actor platform | |
| Dutch Public Procurement Policy 2008 | EU & Dutch government | Whole chain, particularly importers, end buyers and users | ES implicit by referring to FSC and PEFC certification standards | Product- and process- orientated policy; GFTN and TPAC as multi-actor platforms; regulations on sustainability standards in chains | |
| Reducing Emissions from Deforestation & Forest Degradation (REDD + ) Indonesia 2010 | International and Dutch NGOs, United Nations, Dutch government | Particularly forest owners/concessionaires, private sector | REDD + specifically mentions ES | Multi-actor platform and partnership, policy practice & research, pilots, learning-orientated, resource-focused |