Table 4.

How the ecosystem services were addressed in the four value chain cases

Strategy/instrument	Cocoa		Soy	Palm oil	Timber
	IDH & UTZ	PES	RTRS	RSPO	IDH	FSC & ForCES	Dutch Public Procurement Policy	REDD+
Introducing and upscaling voluntary certification standards	√		√	√	√	√	√	√
Partnering and partnerships, including platforms	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
Promoting an enabling environment for ecosystem services	√		√	√	√	√	√	√
Simplifying access to information	√		√	√		√	√
Encouraging entrepreneurship	√		√	√	√		√
Recognizing the role of intermediaries	√				√		√
Enhancing and supporting collective action	√				√	√
Commodity innovation		√				√		√
Creating and testing positive cases and situations and building on experiences								√
Regulation							√