Table 5.

Overview of actors engaged in the value chain cases

Case	Dutch Government	Government production (countries)	NGOs/CSOs	Research	Private sector	Other
Cocoa certification	Ministries of Economic and Foreign Affairs	Indirectly through commodity programs & projects	Involved in IDH STAP as partners e.g., Solidaridad	Indirectly through monitoring and evaluation studies	Traders and processing companies, wholesalers and retailers	Certification and support organizations e.g., UTZ Certified
Cocoa PES	Ministry of Economic Affairs	Directly through projects in origin countries e.g., Ghana	AgroEco Louis Bolk	–	Consultants, traders and processing companies	–
Soy RTRS	Ministries of Economic and Foreign Affairs	Indirectly through commodity programs & projects	Involved directly through membership of RTRS, via IDH STAP, funding projects and evaluations	Indirectly through monitoring and evaluation studies	Traders and processing companies, wholesalers and retailers	RTRS Secretariat, certification, audit and support organizations
Palm oil RSPO	Ministries of Economic and Foreign Affairs	Indirectly through commodity programs & projects	Involved in IDH STAP, RSPO, directly initiators e.g., WWF, funding projects and evaluations	Indirectly through monitoring and evaluation studies	Traders and processing companies, wholesalers and retailers	RSPO Secretariat certification, audit and support organizations
Timber IDH-STAP	Ministry of Foreign Affairs	Indirectly through commodity programs	Involved in STAP as partners e.g., WWF	Indirectly through monitoring and evaluation studies	Dutch concession holders & processing companies, wholesalers and retailers	FSC Netherlands and support organizations
Timber FSC & ForCES	Indirectly (Ministry of Foreign Affairs and other bilateral aid agencies) potential buyers	Indirectly through FLEGT/VPAs	Very active (ForCES: WWF,SNV, RECOFTC/ FSC, WWF, Greenpeace, SMN, ICCO)	Directly via CIFOR	FSC: concession holders & timber companies.	UN, GEF, FSC national and international, ANSAB
					ForCES: forest managers, concession holders, private sector
					ES buyers not identified
Timber Dutch public procurement	Cabinet, Parliament, Ministry of Infrastructure & Environment	Indirectly through TPAC actor internet forum	Indirectly via TPAC internet forum & watchdogs (Friends of the Earth NL, Greenpeace, ICCO, WWF)	–	Building contractors, timber industry, timber importers, (VVNH)	Stichting Probos, Centrum Hout, Stichting Milieukeur, TPAC actor internet forum, AgentschapNL, FSC-NL, PEFC- NL, PIANOo, TPAC
Timber REDD +	Ministries of Economic and Foreign Affairs	National governments	Indirectly through advisers, consultants, conducting studies	Indirectly through advisers, conducting studies	–	UN, World Bank

Translations and abbreviations from Dutch (in italics)

AgentschapNL Dutch Agency, Stichting Probos, Probos Association, Centrum Hout Timber Centre, Stichting Milieukeur Environmental Certification System Association, ANSAB Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources, CIFOR Centre for International Forestry Research, FLEGT Forest Law Enforcement and Governance and Trade, FSC Forest Stewardship Council, ICCO International Cocoa Organisation, IDH Sustainable Trade Initiative, PEFC Program for the Endorsement of Forest Certification, PIANOo Expertise centre for Contracting, Dutch ministry of Economic Affairs, RECOFTC Centre for People and Forests, REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, RSPO Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil, RTRS Roundtable for Responsible Soy, SMN Stichting Natuur & Mileu Association for the Environment & Nature, SNV Netherlands Development Organization, STAP Sustainable Trade Action Plan, TPAC Timber Procurement Assessment Committee, UN United Nations, VPA Voluntary Partnership Agreement, WWF Worldwide Fund for Nature, VVNH Netherlands Timber Trade Association