Figure 1.

Monitoring of bone health in adult patients with CD

BMD—bone mineral density, CD—celiac disease, GFD—gluten-free diet, PTH—parathyroid hormone, tTG—tissue transglutaminase.

^*Patient is high risk if there is a long delay in diagnosis or there are clinical presentations suggestive of bone disease.

^†Other risk factors for low BMD, for which there is level I evidence, include perimenopause or menopause in women, age > 50 y in men, a history of fragility fracture, and high tTG antibody titres.²²