Table 3.
The association of intakes of sugars from liquids, sugars from solids, free sugars and non-free sugars (%TEI) and individual components of the metabolic risk z score using multiple linear regression; The Fenland Study, UK (n = 9768).
| Sugars from liquids | Sugars from solids | Free sugars | Non-free sugars | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (range), %TEI | 2.9 (0–36.0) | 20.6 (2.4–56.5) | 12.0 (0.5–46.4) | 11.5 (0.6–54.6) |
| per 10%TEI | ||||
| Waist circumference (cm) | 0.28 (−0.15,0.71) | −0.21 (−0.44,0.01) | 0.15 (−0.13,0.43) | −0.32 (−0.60,−0.05) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 1.81 (0.73,2.89)* | −0.07 (−0.64,0.49) | 0.43 (−0.27,1.12) | 0.22 (−0.47,0.90) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 1.29 (0.57,2.02)* | −0.28 (−0.66,0.10) | 0.31 (−0.15,0.77) | −0.18 (−0.63,0.28) |
| 2 h plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 0.16 (0.04,0.28) | −0.08 (−0.15,−0.02) | 0.07 (−0.01,0.15) | −0.13 (−0.20,−0.05)* |
| ln Fasting insulin (ρmol/l) | 0.04 (0.02,0.08)* | −0.01 (−0.03,0.01) | 0.05 (0.02,0.07)* | −0.05 (−0.07,−0.02)* |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | −0.04 (−0.07,−0.02)* | −0.04 (−0.05,−0.03)* | −0.05 (−0.06,−0.03)* | −0.03 (−0.05,−0.01)* |
| ln Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 0.07 (0.01,0.13)* | 0.01 (−0.02,0.02) | 0.06 (0.04,0.09)* | −0.02 (−0.05,0.00) |
Values are β-coefficients (95% confidence intervals).
Adjusted for age, sex, years of education, income level, social class, smoking status, alcohol consumption (units/week), test site, PAEE, clinical history (self-reported hypertension or use of anti-hypertensive medication or self-reported hyperlipidaemia or use of lipid lowering medication), weight-loss diet, fibre (NSP) intake, plasma vitamin C measurement, non-sugar containing beverage intake (tea, coffee, artificially sweetened beverages), low-nutrient energy-dense food intake (buns, cakes, puddings, biscuits, pastries, chocolate and non-chocolate confectionary and ice-cream), BMI, total energy intake and mutually adjusted for sugars (Model 2).
Metabolic risk z score: derived by summing the z-scores of the following continuous indices: waist circumference, systolic blood pressure + diastolic blood pressure, 2 h plasma glucose, fasting insulin, inverted fasting HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides.
*Significant after correction for multiple testing, p ≤ 0.0017.
Abbreviations: C-Reactive Protein, CRP; Glycated Haemoglobin, HbA1c; Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance, HOMA-IR; Non-Starch Polysaccharide, NSP; Percent Total Energy Intake, %TEI; Physical Activity Energy Expenditure, PAEE.