Table III.
| A. Baseline characteristics of patients who had a major adverse cardiac event (MACE) during the follow-up period in the advanced atherosclerosis cohort | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Covariate | No MACE (n = 80) | MACE (n = 20) | P value |
| Median age (years) | 67.5 (63, 74) | 71 (67, 74) | .31 |
| Female sex | 30 (37.0%) | 7 (36.8%) | .80 |
| Non-Caucasian race | 9 (9.9%) | 4 (21.1%) | .25 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.5 (24.8, 31.9) | 25.5 (23.10 29.5) | .23 |
| Past medical history | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 21 (25.9%) | 14 (73.7%) | <.001 |
| Hypertension | 73 (90.1%) | 18 (94.7%) | .68 |
| Prior MI | 19 (23.5%) | 6 (31.6%) | .26 |
| CHF | 6 (7.4%) | 7 (36.8%) | .004 |
| Stroke | 15 (18.5%) | 8 (42.1%) | .02 |
| Current or former smoker | 64 (79.0%) | 15 (79.0%) | 1.0 |
| Statin use | 72 (88.9%) | 14 (73.7%) | .15 |
| Lowest ABI | .54 (.27, .69) | .34 (.22, .49) | .09 |
| Type of procedure | .56 | ||
| Carotid endarterectomy | 41 (85.4%) | 7 (14.6%) | |
| Infrainguinal revascularization | 30 (75%) | 10 (25%) | |
| Major leg amputation | 9 (75%) | 3 (25%) | |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 79 (71, 111) | 102.5 (68.5, 120.5) | .43 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 42 (34, 51) | 42 (33, 49) | .94 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73mm2) | 67.0 (51.6, 81.8) | 58.9 (40.1, 86.3) | .35 |
| CRP (mg/mL) | 5.4 (2, 86.3) | 8.9 (2.6, 35.9) | .97 |
| Indole (nmol) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | .16 |
| Tryptophan (µmol) | 82.0 (74.9, 90.1) | 73.3 (71.8, 79.5) | .007 |
| Kynurenine (nmol) | 8980.1 (7774.5, 10414.8) | 9989.3 (8972.7, 12020.1) | .03 |
| Kynurenine/tryptophan ratio | 107.5 (94.4, 126.0) | 131.7 (119.2, 159.1) | <.001 |
| 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid (nmol) | 320.0 (241.6, 457.1) | 391.8 (306.9, 959. 9) | .06 |
| Indole-3-proprionic acid (µmol) | .23 (.16, .36) | .20 (.14, .30) | .50 |
| Indole-3-aldehyde (µmol) | 96.4 (55.1, 117.1) | 89.6 (75.8, 124.0) | .39 |
| Indoxyl sulfate (µmol) | 7.1 (6.1, 8.7) | 8.7 (5.9, 14.6) | .09 |
| Hippuric acid (µmol) | 7.7 (7.1, 9.5) | 11.1 (7.9, 17.0) | .002 |
| p-Cresyl sulfate (µmol) | 102.6 (52.4, 139.2) | 148.4 (52.8, 219.9) | .14 |
| B. Multivariate analysis of MACE after adjustment for diabetes and metabolites. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Model A | Odds ratio | 95% CI | P value |
| Diabetes mellitus | 5.4 | 1.7, 16.7 | .003 |
| ln kynurenine/tryptophan ratio | 14.9 | 1.8, 120.8 | .01 |
| Model B | Odds ratio | 95% CI | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes mellitus | 7.2 | 2.2, 23.1 | <.001 |
| ln hippuric acid | 7.7 | 1.7, 34.6 | .008 |
| Model C | Odds ratio | 95% CI | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes mellitus | 6.1 | 1.9, 19.9 | .003 |
| ln hippuric acid | 4.4 | .86, 22.1 | .08 |
| ln kynurenine/tryptophan ratio | 5.4 | .51, 56.6 | .16 |