Table 1.
Cardio-metabolic effects of chronic exercise training in healthy animals.
| Species | Sex | Age | Mode | Intensity | Time | Length | GLO | FAO | Glycolysis | Data | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mice | M/F | 5 weeks | TM | 15 m/min, 7° | 90 min | 4 weeks | M: ↔ | M: ↔ | ND | PET mRNA | (74) |
| F: ↓ | F: ↔ | ||||||||||
| Mice | F | 5 weeks | TM | 15 m/min, 7° | 90 min | 4 weeks | ↓ | ↑ | ND | PET | (73) |
| Mice | M | Adult | TM | 20.4 m/min, 10° | 60 min | 4 weeks | ↑ | ↔ | ↑ | Isolated heart Transcriptomics Metabolomics | (79) |
| Mice | M | 6–7 weeks | Swim | N/A | 90 min (2x/day) | 5 weeks | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | Working heart | (80) |
| Mice | M | 7–9 weeks | TM | MIT: 13 m/min, 25°!!!break!!! HIT: 26 m/min, 25° | MIT: 120 min!!!break!!! HIT: 40 min | 10 weeks | MIT: ↔!!!break!!!HIT: ↑ | MIT: ↔!!!break!!!HIT: ↓ | ND | Working heart mRNA | (78) |
| Mice | M | 12 weeks | WHL | N/A | N/A | 15 months | ↓ | ↔ | ↓ | PET Plasma Western | (75) |
| Rat | M | 11 weeks | TM | 16–28 m/min, 0° | 60 min | 6 weeks | ND | ↑ | ND | mRNA Western | (82) |
| Rat | M | ND | TM | 18–32 m/min, 8° | 80–100 min | 7 weeks | ↑ | ↑ | ND | Affymetrix | (85) |
| Rat | M | ND | TM | 22–32 m/min, 8° | 60 min | 10 weeks | ↔ | ND | ↔ | Working heart | (81) |
| Rat | ND | 4 weeks | Swim | N/A | 75 min | 15 weeks | ↔ | ↑ | ↔ | mRNA | (83) |
| Rat | F | ND | TM | 25 m/min, 16° | 90 min | 10 weeks | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | Working heart | (77) |
| Rat | F | ND | TM | 30 m/min, 15° | 120 min | 6 weeks | ↔ | ↓ | ↔ | Enzyme activity | (84) |
| Dog | M/F | ND | TM | 11.3 km/h, 8–16° | 75 min | 9 weeks | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | Enzyme activity | (93) |
The metabolic changes that occur in the heart during chronic exercise training in animal models are presented and organized according to species, sex, mode, intensity, time, and duration of study. The changes that occur in glucose oxidation (GLO); fatty acid oxidation (FAO), and glycolysis are indicated as increased (↑), decreased (↓), or no change (↔). The type of data collected to determine the change in metabolism is listed along with the associated reference. M, Male; F, Female; ND, no data presented; TM, treadmill; WHL, voluntary wheel running; MIT, moderate-intensity training; HIT, high-intensity training; PET, positron emission tomography, Swim, swim training.