Table 1.

Details of studies of fitness costs, infection risk and foraging benefit in wild mammalian herbivore hosts and their principal nematode parasites. The principal parasites involved (or presumed to be involved) in studies are listed to Order and Family level where possible, or otherwise to Order and Superfamily, based on the classification of Gibbons [26]. Observational (Obs.) and manipulative (Man.) study components are listed under cost, risk and benefit elements. Codes for study descriptors are given in the footnotes to the table. Study descriptors. Level of host resolution: I, individual animal (tagged or identified in some way); P, populations or population class (age/sex/status). Host behavioural response: G, grazing behaviour (including diet); L, latrine use. Host fitness measures: B, body condition (including growth); H, haematological values; R, reproductive status; X, mortality. Intrinsic host covariates: D, dominance rank; M, morphological trait. Extrinsic environmental covariates: S, season; V, vegetation types; W, water (soil moisture or rainfall). Experimental manipulation: A, anthelmintic treatment; F, food supplementation; C, contamination with faeces.

			cost		risk		benefit
mammalian herbivore host	principal nematode parasites	source	Obs.	Man.	Obs.	Man.	Obs.	Man.
Marsupialia Phalangeridae
mountain brushtail possum (Trichosurus caninus)	Strongylida: Trichostrongylidae	Viggers et al. [27]d		A H I R
Macropodidae
red kangaroo (Osphranter rufus)	Strongylida: Cloacinidae	Arundel et al. [28]	P S
eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus)	Strongylida: Cloacinidae	Arundel et al. [8]	H P S
		Garnick et al. [24]			G	C G		F G
		Cripps et al. [29]d		A B H I
		Cripps et al. [30]d				A G I
		V. Bristow, G. Coulson & I. Beveridge 2003 (unpublished data; electronic supplementary material)				C G P
red-necked wallaby (Notamacropus rufogriseus)	Strongylida: Cloacinidae	Sharp et al. [31]				C G I
Lagomorpha Leporidae
mountain hare (Lepus timidus)	Strongylida: Trichostrongylidae	Newey & Thirgood [13]		A B I R X
snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus)	Strongylida: Trichostrongylidae	Murray et al. [32,33]		A F I X
Rodentia Sciruridae
red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus)	Strongylida: Strongyloidea	Gooderham & Schulte-Hostedde [34]d	P R
Perissodactyla Equidae
plains zebra (Equus quagga)	Strongylida: Strongyloidea	Fugazzola & Stancampiano [35]d	D P
		Turner & Getz [11]d	P S
Artiodactyla Cervidae
caribou (Rangifer tarandus)	Strongylida: Trichostrongylidae	Hughes et al. [10]	C P
Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrynchos)	Strongylida: Trichostrongylidae	Arneberg et al. [36]b,d		A C G I
		Arneberg & Folstad [37]b,d		A C G I
		van der Wal et al. [38]d	I G W			C G
		Stien et al. [12]	B P R			I A C R
red deer (Cervus elaphus)	Strongylida: Trichostrongylidae	Irvine et al. [39]d	P B R
Bovidae
blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus)	Strongylida: Trichostrongylidae	Turner & Getz [11]d	P S
springbok (Antidorcas marsupialus)	Strongylida: Trichostrongylidae	Turner & Getz [11]d	P S
		Turner et al. [40]d	C P S W
dik-dik (Madoqua kirkii)	Strongylida: Strongyloideaa	Ezenwa [41]			L	F G
Grant's gazelle (Nanger granti)	Strongylida: Strongyloideaa	Ezenwa [41]			L
	Strongylida: Strongyloideaa	Worsley-Tonks & Ezenwa [42] b,d				A I G
saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica)	Strongylida: Trichostrongyloidea	Morgan et al. [43]d	B P
African buffalo (Syncerus caffer)	Strongylida: Trichostrongylidae	Ezenwa & Jolles [44]d	B H M P
		Budischak et al. [45]d	B C H P
bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus)	Strongylida: Strongyloideaa	Apio et al. [46]			G I L
Alpine ibex (Capra ibex)	Strongylida: Trichostrongylidae	Brambilla et al. [47]			G P
Soay sheep (Ovis aries)	Strongylida: Trichostrongylidae	Gulland [9]c	B H	A P X
		Hutchings et al. [48]b				A C G		A F G
		Jones et al. [49]		A G I
		Craig et al. [50]d	P B
chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra)	Strongylida: ?Trichostrongylidaea	Fankhauser et al. [51]c				C G
gemsbok (Oryx gazelle)	Strongylida: Trichostrongylidae	Turner & Getz [11]d	C P S W
impala (Aepyceros melampus)	Strongylida: Strongyloideaa	Ezenwa [41]d			L

^aParasites not specified.

^bCaptive study.

^cPartly captive study.

^dFaecal egg counts.