Table 2.
Demographics and clinical characteristics of the main reference sample and the Place the Beads reference sample.
| Characteristics | Dropoutsa (n=44) | Main reference sample (n=248) | Place the Beads reference sample (n=421) | Place the Beads test-retest subsample (n=143) | ||
| Demographics |
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Gender, n (%) |
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Female | 25 (57) | 157 (63.3) | 251 (59.6) | 65 (45.5) |
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Male | 19 (43) | 91 (36.7) | 170 (40.4) | 78 (54.5) |
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Age (years), mean (SD) | 44.4 (14.1) | 49.2 (13) | 47.9 (13.8) | 48.3 (12.7) | |
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Education levelb, n (%) |
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Low | — | — | 8 (1.9) | 2 (1.4) |
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Medium | 11 (25) | 73 (29.4) | 196 (46.6) | 64 (44.8) |
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High | 33 (75) | 175 (70.6) | 217 (51.5) | 77 (53.8) |
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Computer experience (years), mean (SD) | 19.9 (7.2) | 19.5 (6.3) | — | — | |
| Clinical characteristics, n (%) |
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Dyslexic | 3 (7) | 4 (1.6) | — | — | |
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Concussion (history) | 11 (25) | 59 (23.8) | — | — | |
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Whiplash (history) | 1 (2) | 10 (4) | — | — | |
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Stroke (history) | 0 | 1 (0.4) | — | — | |
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Transient ischemic attacks (history) | 0 | 1 (0.4) | — | — | |
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Heart disease (current treatment) | 1 (2) | 5 (2) | — | — | |
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High blood pressure (current treatment) | 0 | 28 (11.3) | — | — | |
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Diabetes mellitus (current treatment) | 1 (2) | 6 (2.4) | — | — | |
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Sleep medication | 0 | 5 (2) | — | — | |
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Antidepressants | 2 (5) | 8 (3.2) | — | — | |
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Painkillers | 0 | 5 (2) | — | — | |
aDropouts from the group of 296 people who agreed to participate as part of the main reference sample: 11 dropped out before starting the assessments, 15 dropped out after starting—but not completing—the first assessment, and 18 dropped out after completing the first assessment. Of other nonparticipants (n=59), no characteristics were available because of the recruitment procedure.
bEducation is based on Verhage education scores 1 to 7 [45], corresponding with the following US years of education: 1: 1 to 5 years, 2: 6 years, 3: 7 to 8 years, 4: 7 to 9 years, 5: 7 to 10 years, 6: 7 to 16 years, and 7: 17 to 20 years. Low=Verhage 1 or 2; medium=Verhage 3, 4, or 5; and high=Verhage 6 or 7.