Table 2.

Data sources, triggers, and reviewers of included studies.

Study		Data source	Triggers	Reviewer(s)
Diagnostic test accuracy studies
	Gerdes and Hardahl, 2013 [44]	Unstructured and semistructured narrative texts in EHRsa	“Models,” not defined, identifying the most common triggers and/or AEsb	Not stated
	O’Leary et al, 2013 [41]	Enterprise Data Warehouse: EHRs or CPOESc; hospital and physician billing systems; incident reporting system; and admission or discharge or transfer with nightly updates from activities occurring in the preceding 24 h	Locally developed based on screening criteria from the Harvard Medical Practice Study and the IHId GTTe	Experienced hospitalists and physician-researcher (prior experience with the research method)
Prevalence studies
	Call et al, 2014 [36]	EHR: laboratory, pharmacy, electronic medication administration record, CPOE, and documentation functions	Wide use in similar population and high likelihood to detect adverse drug events	Pharmacist and physician
	Dickermann et al, 2011 [37]	EHRs	Increasing use in hospitals’ protocols	CAf trained
	Lim et al, 2016 [42]	EHR supports all inpatient and ambulatory care clinical and documentation activities	Review of literature and detectable in EHRs with reasonable PPVg	Pharmacists, medication safety pharmacist, and physician
	Moore et al, 2009 [38]	CPOE with decision support, EHR, clinical event monitors	Most common inpatient adverse drug events	Study investigators
	Muething et al, 2010 [39]	Clinical information system: computerized clinical order entry, clinical documentation, electronic medication administration record, data storage repository, and advanced clinical decision support	AEs steering committee	Endocrinologist, anesthesiologist, and frontline staff
	Nwulu et al, 2013 [45]	Locally developed electronic health and prescription computer system (laboratory results and prescribing, except some chemotherapy regimens) has built-in checks to identify potential prescribing errors (flagged through warnings and alerts)	Test the usefulness of two medication module triggers from the GTT proposed by IHI	Not stated
	Patregnani et al, 2015 [43]	EHRs	Clinical evidences	CA trained in the AE trigger process
	Shea et al, 2013 [40]	EHRs and Laboratory Information System	Clinical evidences and risks of deaths	CA trained in the AE trigger process
	Stockwell et al, 2013 [25]	EHRs	Multidisciplinary review process using several review criteria	CA

^aEHRs: electronic health records.

^bAE: adverse event.

^cCPOES: computerized provider order entry system.

^dIHI: Institute for Healthcare Improvement.

^eGTT: Global Trigger Tool.

^fCA: clinical analyst.

^gPPV: positive predictive value.