Table 1.
Baseline characteristics among 245 pregnant women in the Environment and Reproductive Health (EARTH) Study by second trimester glucose challenge test (GCT) level
| Characteristic, N (%) | Total | GCT < 140 mg/dL | GCT ≥ 140 mg/dL | P value1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 245 | 200 | 45 | |
| Age at pregnancy (years) | 0.59 | |||
| Mean ± SD | 35.3 ± 3.8 | 35.2 ± 3.8 | 35.6 ± 3.7 | |
| Range | 26.0–47.0 | 26.0–47.0 | 29.0–42.0 | |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| BMI < 25 | 171 (69.8) | 144 (72.0) | 27 (60.0) | 0.15 |
| BMI ≥ 25 | 74 (30.2) | 56 (28.0) | 18 (40.0) | |
| Smoking status | 0.25 | |||
| Never smoked | 181 (73.9) | 151 (75.5) | 30 (66.7) | |
| Current smoker | 58 (23.7) | 45 (22.5) | 13 (28.9) | |
| Former smoker | 6 (2.5) | 4 (2.0) | 2 (4.4) | |
| Race | 0.09 | |||
| Caucasian | 213 (86.9) | 177 (88.5) | 36 (80.0) | |
| Black/African American | 5 (2.0) | 4 (2.0) | 1 (2.2) | |
| Asian | 17 (6.9) | 10 (5.0) | 7 (15.6) | |
| Other | 10 (4.1) | 9 (4.5) | 1 (2.2) | |
| Education | 0.60 | |||
| High school graduate or less | 23 (9.4) | 18 (9.0) | 5 (11.1) | |
| Some college | 7 (2.9) | 5 (2.5) | 2 (4.4) | |
| College graduate or higher | 215 (87.8) | 177 (88.5) | 38 (84.4) | |
| Family history of diabetes | 30 (12.2) | 8 (17.8) | 22 (11.0) | 0.21 |
| Infertility diagnosis | 0.01 | |||
| Male factor | 68 (27.8) | 48 (24.0) | 20 (44.4) | |
| Female factor | 78 (31.8) | 64 (32.0) | 14 (31.1) | |
| Decreased ovarian reserve | 16 (6.5) | 12 (6.0) | 4 (8.9) | |
| Ovulatory | 33 (13.5) | 29 (14.5) | 4 (8.9) | |
| Endometriosis | 12 (4.9) | 11 (5.5) | 1 (2.2) | |
| Uterine | 5 (2.0) | 4 (2.0) | 1 (2.2) | |
| Tubal | 12 (4.9) | 8 (4.0) | 4 (8.9) | |
| Unexplained | 99 (40.4) | 88 (44.0) | 11 (24.4) | |
| Treatment | 0.81 | |||
| IVF | 138 (56.3) | 111 (55.5) | 27 (60.0) | |
| IUI | 54 (22.0) | 44 (22.0) | 10 (22.2) | |
| Natural | 53 (21.6) | 45 (22.5) | 8 (17.8) | |
| Fetus number of the pregnancy | 0.54 | |||
| One fetus | 198 (80.8) | 163 (81.5) | 35 (77.8) | |
| Two fetuses | 47 (19.2) | 37 (18.5) | 10 (22.2) | |
Abbreviations: GCT 50-g glucose challenging test (non-fasting), BMI body mass index, DOR diminished ovarian reserve, IVF in vitro fertilization, IUI intrauterine insemination, SD standard deviation
1Kruskal-Wallis analyses (for continuous variables) and Fisher’s exact tests (for categorical variables) were used to test for associations by impaired glucose tolerance status.