Table 3.
Adjusted mean blood glucose levels across quartiles of urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations measured during the 1st trimester and 2nd trimesters
| 1st trimester SG-adjusted phthalate metabolites (range) | Population means of blood glucose in mg/dL (95%CI) across quartiles of phthalate metabolites measured at the 1st trimester (n = 208) | 2nd trimester SG-adjusted phthalate metabolites (range) | Population means of blood glucose in mg/dL (95%CI) across quartiles of phthalate metabolites measured at the 2nd trimester (n = 209) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusted 1 | Unadjusted | Adjusted 1 | ||
| MEP (μg/L) | MEP (μg/L) | ||||
| Q1 (3.6, 16.3) | 114 (107, 121) | 114 (108, 121) | Q1 (3.2, 23.1) | 108 (102, 115) | 109 (103, 116) |
| Q2 (16.5, 34.2) | 113 (106, 120) | 115 (108, 122) | Q2 (23.6, 50) | 112 (105, 119) | 113 (107, 120) |
| Q3 (34.3, 103) | 110 (103, 117) | 109 (103, 116) | Q3 (51.4, 155) | 112 (105, 119) | 111 (105, 117) |
| Q4 (104, 13,500) | 120 (113, 128) | 118 (111, 125) | Q4 (156, 5133) | 123 (116, 130)* | 121 (114, 128) |
| P-trend2 | 0.19 | 0.55 | P-trend2 | 0.003 | 0.02 |
| MBP (μg/L) | MBP (μg/L) | ||||
| Q1 (<LOD, 7.1) | 115 (108, 122) | 116 (109, 123) | Q1 (<LOD, 7.2) | 111 (105, 118) | 112 (106, 119) |
| Q2 (7.1, 11.2) | 113 (106, 120) | 112 (105, 118) | Q2 (7.3, 12.7) | 111 (105, 119) | 113 (106, 120) |
| Q3 (11.2, 17.3) | 117 (109, 124) | 116 (109, 123) | Q3 (12.8, 22.4) | 115 (108, 122) | 114 (107, 121) |
| Q4 (17.4, 2342) | 113 (106, 120) | 113 (107, 120) | Q4 (22.5, 1820) | 116 (110, 124) | 115 (109, 122) |
| P-trend2 | 0.80 | 0.72 | P-trend2 | 0.26 | 0.50 |
| MiBP (μg/L) | MiBP (μg/L) | ||||
| Q1 (<LOD, 3.7) | 118 (111, 125) | 118 (111, 125) | Q1 (<LOD, 3.4) | 118 (111, 126) | 119 (113, 126) |
| Q2 (3.7, 6.2) | 112 (106, 120) | 114 (107, 121) | Q2 (3.5, 6.6) | 115 (108, 122) | 115 (109, 122) |
| Q3 (6.2, 10.6) | 114 (108, 122) | 114 (107, 121) | Q3 (6.6, 10.8) | 114 (107, 121) | 115 (109, 122) |
| Q4 (10.7, 56.6) | 112 (105, 119) | 111 (104, 117) | Q4 (10.9, 163) | 107 (100, 113)* | 105 (99, 111) |
| P-trend2 | 0.36 | 0.15 | P-trend2 | 0.02 | 0.003 |
| MBzP (μg/L) | MBzP (μg/L) | ||||
| Q1 (<LOD, 1.6) | 113 (106, 121) | 113 (107, 120) | Q1 (<LOD, 1.5) | 110 (104, 117) | 111 (105, 118) |
| Q2 (1.6, 3.1) | 115 (108, 123) | 117 (110, 124) | Q2 (1.5, 3.0) | 116 (109, 123) | 117 (110, 124) |
| Q3 (3.1, 5.4) | 110 (103, 117) | 110 (103, 116) | Q3 (3.0, 5.7) | 110 (103, 117) | 110 (104, 117) |
| Q4 (5.4, 305) | 118 (111, 125) | 117 (110, 124) | Q4 (5.9, 396) | 118 (111, 125) | 116 (109, 123) |
| P-trend2 | 0.60 | 0.82 | P-trend2 | 0.26 | 0.56 |
| MCPP (μg/L) | MCPP (μg/L) | ||||
| Q1 (<LOD, 1.8) | 114 (107, 121) | 115 (108, 122) | Q1 (<LOD, 1.7) | 110 (104, 117) | 112 (106, 119) |
| Q2 (1.8, 4) | 117 (110, 125) | 115 (109, 122) | Q2 (1.8, 3.1) | 114 (107, 121) | 113 (107, 120) |
| Q3 (4.2, 13.2) | 117 (110, 125) | 118 (111, 125) | Q3 (3.1, 6.9) | 115 (109, 123) | 116 (109, 122) |
| Q4 (13.7, 698) | 109 (102, 116) | 109 (102, 115) | Q4 (7.0, 521) | 114 (107, 121) | 113 (107, 120) |
| P-trend2 | 0.24 | 0.19 | P-trend2 | 0.52 | 0.84 |
| MCOP (μg/L)3 | MCOP (μg/L)3 | ||||
| Q1 (<LOD, 11.1) | 116 (108, 124) | 115 (108, 123) | Q1 (<LOD, 8) | 112 (105, 120) | 113 (106, 120) |
| Q2 (11.3, 29.8) | 115 (108, 123) | 115 (108, 122) | Q2 (8.2, 21.8) | 109 (103, 117) | 111 (105, 118) |
| Q3 (30.7, 79.8) | 113 (106, 121) | 113 (106, 121) | Q3 (21.9, 64.7) | 114 (107, 122) | 113 (106, 120) |
| Q4 (83.9, 736) | 109 (102, 116) | 109 (102, 116) | Q4 (66.5, 706) | 113 (106, 121) | 113 (106, 120) |
| P-trend2 | 0.17 | 0.19 | P-trend2 | 0.65 | 0.93 |
| MCNP (μg/L)3 | MCNP (μg/L)3 | ||||
| Q1 (<LOD, 2) | 110 (103, 117) | 110 (103, 117) | Q1 (<LOD, 1.9) | 112 (105, 119) | 115 (108, 122) |
| Q2 (2, 3.6) | 120 (112, 128) | 119 (112, 127) | Q2 (1.9, 3.2) | 112 (105, 119) | 109 (102, 116) |
| Q3 (3.6, 8.2) | 112 (105, 120) | 113 (106, 120) | Q3 (3.2, 6.7) | 114 (106, 121) | 115 (108, 123) |
| Q4 (8.2, 256) | 111 (104, 118) | 111 (104, 118) | Q4 (6.7, 224) | 112 (105, 120) | 110 (104, 117) |
| P-trend2 | 0.75 | 0.83 | P-trend2 | 0.86 | 0.59 |
| ∑DEHP | ∑DEHP | ||||
| Q1 (0, 0.1) | 115 (108, 122) | 116 (109, 123) | Q1 (0, 0.1) | 110 (103, 117) | 111 (105, 118) |
| Q2 (0.1, 0.2) | 114 (107, 121) | 114 (107, 121) | Q2 (0.1, 0.1) | 112 (106, 119) | 111 (105, 118) |
| Q3 (0.2, 0.4) | 114 (107, 121) | 114 (107, 121) | Q3 (0.1, 0.2) | 115 (109, 123) | 115 (109, 122) |
| Q4 (0.4, 19.2) | 114 (107, 121) | 113 (107, 120) | Q4 (0.3, 8.8) | 116 (109, 123) | 116 (109, 123) |
| P-trend2 | 0.87 | 0.68 | P-trend2 | 0.21 | 0.25 |
Abbreviations: MEP, monoethyl phthalate; MBP, mono-n-butyl phthalate; MiBP, mono-isobutyl phthalate; MBzP, monobenzyl phthalate; MCPP, mono-3(carboxypropyl) phthalate; MCOP, monocarboxyisooctyl phthalate; MCNP, monocarboxyisononyl phthalate; DEHP, di-2(ethylhexyl) phthalate
1Adjusted models control for maternal age (years), overweight/obese (yes, no), total physical activity (hr/week), race (white, non-white), family history of diabetes (yes, no), infertility diagnosis (male factor, female factor, unexplained) and number of fetus (1, 2)
2Tests for linear trend were performed using the log SG-adjusted concentrations in each quartile as a continuous variable in the model.
3Sixteen missing urine values for MCOP and MCNP in the 1st trimester, 19 missing values for MCOP and MCNP in the 2nd trimester.