Table 1.
Summary of chinstrap penguin samples used, genetic diversity indices and neutrality test results
| HVRI | Microsatellite loci | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Region | Colony (abbreviation) | Coordinates | N | H | S | Hd | π | ∏ | D | Fs | N | A | Ho | He | FIS | |
| WAP – SSI | Elephant Island (EI) | 61°13’S | 55°21’W | 17 | 13 | 13 | 0.96 | 0.01 | 2.35 | −1.47 | − 10.1 | 17 | 5.55 | 0.62 | 0.62 | 0.003 |
| Penguin Island (PI) | 62°06’S | 57°56’W | 17 | 14 | 19 | 0.98 | 0.01 | 3.43 | −1.54 | −9.47 | 19 | 5.91 | 0.70 | 0.67 | −0.053 | |
| Barton Peninsula (BP) | 62°14’S | 58°46’W | 22 | 19 | 18 | 0.98 | 0.01 | 3.37 | −1.17 | −17.4 | 29 | 6.18 | 0.57 | 0.62 | 0.081 | |
| Ardley Island (AI) | 62°13’S | 58°56’W | 12 | 10 | 13 | 0.97 | 0.01 | 3.26 | −1.03 | −5.45 | 14 | 5.27 | 0.60 | 0.66 | 0.096 | |
| Greenwich Island (GI) | 62°31’S | 59°47’W | 14 | 12 | 16 | 0.98 | 0.01 | 2.97 | −1.68 | −8.57 | 14 | 5.18 | 0.61 | 0.64 | 0.048 | |
| Miers Bluff (MB) | 62°43’S | 60°26’W | 9 | 8 | 10 | 0.97 | 0.01 | 2.89 | −1.00 | −4.47 | 11 | 5.00 | 0.61 | 0.62 | 0.019 | |
| Hannah Point (HP) | 62°39’S | 54°36’W | 20 | 14 | 17 | 0.95 | 0.01 | 3.13 | −1.30 | −8.19 | 25 | 5.91 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.001 | |
| Cape Shirreff (CS) | 62°28’S | 60°48’W | 22 | 18 | 19 | 0.97 | 0.01 | 2.92 | −1.63 | −16.4 | 30 | 6.46 | 0.61 | 0.64 | 0.039 | |
| Baily Head (BH) | 62°58’S | 60°30’W | 8 | 7 | 9 | 0.96 | 0.01 | 2.60 | −1.21 | −3.67 | 9 | 5.10 | 0.70 | 0.71 | 0.011 | |
| Vapour Col (VC) | 63°00’S | 60°44’W | 13 | 13 | 15 | 1 | 0.01 | 3.44 | −1.21 | −11.9 | 15 | 5.46 | 0.67 | 0.65 | −0.025 | |
| WAP - AP | Kopaitic Island (KI) | 63°19’S | 57°55’W | 26 | 26 | 32 | 1 | 0.01 | 4.40 | −1.77 | −25.7 | 30 | 6.36 | 0.63 | 0.64 | 0.028 |
| Georges Point (GP) | 64°40’S | 62°39’W | 9 | 9 | 14 | 1 | 0.01 | 3.72 | −1.33 | −6.00 | 15 | 5.82 | 0.64 | 0.64 | −0.003 | |
| SAI | Bouvetøya (BI) | 54°26’S | 3°23′E | 18 | 16 | 18 | 1 | 0.01 | 3.44 | −1.32 | −13.1 | 23 | 5.73 | 0.65 | 0.65 | −0.001 |
| Total | 61°10’S | 55°00’W | 207 | 119 | 55 | 0.98 | 0.01 | 3.32 | −1.92 | −25.9 | 251 | 5.69 | 0.63 | 0.65 | 0.003 | |
Bold values are significantly different from zero after the FDR correction (p < 0.05 for D and p < 0.01 for Fs)
Geographical regions (SAI: Sub-Antarctic Islands; WAP: West Antarctic Peninsula; SSI: South Shetland Islands; AP: Antarctic Peninsula), information of localities (with abbreviations), coordinates, number of samples used from each locality for each marker (HVRI and 11 microsatellite loci), genetic diversity indices’ results (N: sample size; H: number of haplotypes; S: number of polymorphic sites; Hd: haplotype diversity; π: nucleotide diversity; ∏: pairwise difference, A: mean number of alleles per locus; Ho: mean observed heterozygosity; He: mean expected heterozygosity and FIS: inbreeding coefficient) and neutrality tests (D: Tajima’D test, Fs: Fu’s Fs test)