Table 1.
Heart rate.
| Heart rate (bpm) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fitbit Surge | TomTom Cardio | Microsoft Band | ECG | |
| 3.2 km/h | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 89 (11) | 85 (10) | 89 (10) | 84 (10) |
| Mean bias (SD) | 5 (19) | 1 (9) | 6 (8) | |
| LoA | 70–108 | 76–94 | 73–106 | |
| Correlation | 0.57a | 0.89a | 0.62a | |
| MAPE (%) | 6.5 (13.13) | 1.01 (1.38) | 7.37 (10.75) | |
| Equivalence zones | 85–91 | 81–87b | 85–91 | 76–92c, 80–88d |
| 4.8 km/h | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 100 (13) | 98 (14) | 97 (8) | 91 (9) |
| Mean bias (SD) | 7 (10) | 7 (12) | 5 (10) | |
| LoA | 80–120 | 75–120 | 77–116 | |
| Correlation | 0.53 | 0.55a | 0.35 | |
| MAPE (%) | 8.06 (12.04) | 7.49 (13.41) | 6.59 (11.86) | |
| Equivalence zones | 95–103 | 92–100 | 94–99 | 82–100c, 87–96d |
| 6.4 km/h | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 114 (11) | 116 (13) | 114 (10) | 112 (9) |
| Mean bias (SD) | 2 (8) | 5 (9) | 3 (8) | |
| LoA | 98–130 | 100–133 | 98–130 | |
| Correlation | 0.69a | 0.76a | 0.63a | |
| MAPE (%) | 2.17 (7.68) | 4.5 (7.45) | 2.46 (7.07) | |
| Equivalence zones | 110–116b | 111–119 | 109–115b | 100–122c, 106–117d |
| 8 km/h | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 132 (13) | 141 (12) | 141 (11) | 135 (10) |
| Mean bias (SD) | −4 (8) | 6 (11) | 5 (12) | |
| LoA | 117–147 | 120–162 | 118–164 | |
| Correlation | 0.82a | 0.52 | 0.37 | |
| MAPE (%) | −2.77 (6.04) | 4.38 (8.42) | 4.19 (9.15) | |
| Equivalence zones | 127–135 | 137–144 | 137–143b | 122–150c, 129–143d |
| 9.7 km/h | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 150 (15) | 157 (13) | 156 (13) | 155 (13) |
| Mean bias (SD) | −5 (9) | 2 (6) | 2 (13) | |
| LoA | 133–167 | 146–167 | 132–181 | |
| Correlation | 0.84a | 0.91a | 0.53 | |
| MAPE (%) | −3.35 (5.51) | 1.11 (5.52) | 1.31 (8.05) | |
| Equivalence zones | 145–153 | 153–160b | 153–160b | 140–171c, 147–163d |
Values are mean (SD).
ECG: electrocardiogram; LoA: 95% limits of agreement; MAPE: mean absolute percentage error.
a
p-value < 0.01.
b
Indicates that values are within the 5% equivalence zone of the electrocardiogram.
c
Indicates 10% equivalence area.
d
Indicates 5% equivalence area.