Effects of Ser-44 mutation on SlMPK1-mediated antioxidant defense under HT stress. Arabidopsis protoplasts transiently expressing SlMPK1 alone, SlSPRH1 alone, SlSPRH1S44A alone, SlMPK1 and SlSPRH1simultaneously, SlMPK1 and SlSPRH1S44A simultaneously, or empty vector (EV) were kept at 25°C for 1 h and then kept at 36°C for 3 h. The activities of APX and CAT were measured as described in “Materials and Methods.” Values are means ± sd of three different experiments. Statistical differences among the samples are labeled with different letters according to the lsd test (P < 0.05, one-way ANOVA).