Figure 1. Experimental design.

MSC were allocated into four groups: C (contol)- cells were treated the same as in the other groups but were not exposed to ES; D3- cells were exposed to ES for three days; D7- cells were exposed to ES for seven days; D14- cells were exposed to ES for 14 days. At Day 14 of culture osteogenic differentiation analysis was performed on all groups and gene expression analysis was performed at Days 3, 7, and 14 of culture.