Table 2.
Measures of missed care and source of patient outcomes in included studies
| Study | Missed care measure | Patient outcome measure & analytical method |
|---|---|---|
| Ambrosi et al. (2016) | MISSCARE Survey | In‐hospital mortality. Analysis adjusted for several patient‐level variables (e.g., age, comorbidities, type of admission, pressure ulcer risk score, physical restraints, care received from family members (refer to original publication for full list) |
| Ausserhofer et al. (2013) | BERNCA‐R Survey | Nurse‐reported medication administration errors; pressure ulcers; patient falls (with injury); urinary tract infections; bloodstream infection (catheter‐related); pneumonia. Analysis was adjusted for patient socio‐demographic characteristics (self‐reported health status and educational level); hospital type (hospital university; centre care hospital; primary care hospital); unit type |
| Ball et al. (2014) | RN4CAST Survey | Nurse‐reported patient safety and grading quality of nursing care. Analyses were adjusted for intensity originating from variation in patient need |
| Bruyneel et al. (2015) | RN4CAST Survey | Patients’ overall ratings of the hospital and their willingness to recommend the hospital to friends and family. Analyses were adjusted for hospital characteristics (i.e., size (number of beds), teaching status and technology level [open heart surgery, organ transplantation or both]) |
| Carthon et al. (2015) | Multi‐State Nursing Care and Patient Safety Survey | All‐cause readmission within 30 days of discharge for patients with heart failure. Analyses were adjusted for patient characteristics (age, gender, race, ethnicity, socio‐economic status [SES], length of stay [LOS], discharge disposition and the presence of 27 individual comorbidities); structural hospital characteristics (nurse staffing, teaching status, size, technology capability, ownership, population density, volume of patients with heart failure, Medicare cost‐to‐charge ratio and state); nurse work environment |
| Lucero et al. (2010) | State‐wide survey of hospital staff nurses in Pennsylvania (no specific name) | Nurse reports of patient received wrong medication or dose; nosocomial infections; falls with injury. Analyses adjusted for patient factors (i.e., illness severity, race and insurance status) and the care environment (i.e., nurse staffing, nursing education, nursing unit type, patient care environment; and hospital bed size, teaching and technology status) |
| Nelson and Flynn (2015) | Multi‐State Nursing Care and Patient Safety Survey—data from New Jersey only. | Urinary tract infections (UTIs). Analyses adjusted for per cent of residents in nursing home with an indwelling catheter |
| Papastavrou, Andreou, Tsangari, et al., (2014) | BERNCA Survey | Patient satisfaction. Analyses adjusted for patient and nurse characteristics: age of nurse and patient, patient gender, nurse education, nurse experience (total and in unit) and patient days of hospitalisation |
| Schubert et al. (2012) | BERNCA Survey | Inpatient mortality rates (constructed from patient discharge method). Risk adjustment, as reported, was adapted from on authors’ earlier work, included adjusting for severity of illness, incorporating data on patient demographic factors (age, sex), procedures (surgery types) and diagnoses, interactions between procedures and diagnoses, and a number of other interaction terms |
| Schubert et al. (2009) | BERNCA Survey | Nurse‐reported estimates of nosocomial infections; pressure ulcers; medication errors; patient falls; critical incidents; patient satisfaction. No adjustment reported |
| Schubert et al. (2008) | BERNCA Survey | Nurse‐reported estimates of nosocomial infections; pressure ulcers; medication errors; patient falls; critical incidents; patient satisfaction. Adjusted for nurse education, nurse experience, hospital size, patient health, quality of care, patient self‐care ability, job satisfaction |
| Sochalski (2004) | State‐wide survey of hospital staff nurses in Pennsylvania (no specific name) | Nurse‐reported quality of care and patient safety. No evidence of adjustment |
| Thompson (2014) | National Database of Nurse Quality Indicators® (NDNQI® RN) Survey | Pressure ulcers prevalence rate. Adjusted for organisation characteristics (i.e., teaching status, size, location, and Magnet® status), staffing (i.e., RNHPPD), skill mix (i.e., RN hours per patient day/total hours per patient day), and nurse characteristics (i.e., per cent of nurses with a bachelor's degree, per cent certified, average RN tenure) |
| Zúñiga et al. (2015) | BERNCA‐NH Survey | Care worker reported quality of care. Adjusted for organisation characteristics: language region (German, French, or Italian), profit status (public, private subsidised, private), size (small = 20–49 beds, medium = 50–99 beds, large = 100 and more beds); Unit characteristics: number of beds, percentage of residents with diagnosed dementia or symptoms of dementia; Resident characteristics: mean age per unit, mean length of stay per unit, mean care load; Care worker characteristics: gender, age, educational background |