Table 2.
Antenatal and postnatal psychosocial risk factors
| All participants | Participants from Mbekweni | Participants from TC Newman | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antenatal maternal psychosocial risk factors (n = 1003) | ||||
| Depression | 237 (23.6%) | 124/540 (23.0%) | 113/457 (24.7%) | 0.515 |
| Psychological distress | 203 (20.2%) | 93/545 (17.1%) | 110/458 (24.0%) | 0.006 |
| IPV (recent) a , b | 332 (33.5%) | 149/537 (27.7%) | 183/455 (40.2%) | <0.0001 |
| PTSD—Suspected PTSD (subset: N = 990) c | 129 (13.0%) | 92/536 (17.2%) | 37/454 (8.1%) | <0.0001 |
| PTSD—Trauma exposed (subset: N = 990) | 123 (12.5%) | 67/536 (12.5%) | 56/454 (12.3%) | ‐ |
| Maternal childhood trauma | 343 (34.2%) | 155/545 (28.4%) | 188/458 (41.0%) | <0.0001 |
| Postnatal maternal psychosocial risk factors (6‐10 weeks) (N = 692) | ||||
| Depression | 119 (17.2%) | 62/366 (16.9%) | 57/325 (17.5%) | 0.835 |
| Psychological distress | 69 (10.0%) | 18/366 (4.9%) | 51/325 (15.7%) | <0.0001 |
| IPV (recent) | 177 (26.6%) | 78/367 (21.3%) | 99/325 (30.5%) | 0.006 |
| PTSD— suspected PTSD (subset: N = 198) | 9 (4.6%) | 8/126 (6.3%) | 1/72 (1.4%) | 0.326 |
| PTSD—Trauma exposed (subset: N = 198) | 10 (5.1%) | 6/126 (4.8%) | 4/72 (5.6%) | ‐ |
| Postnatal maternal psychosocial risk factors (6 months) (N = 645) | ||||
| Depression | 97 (15.0%) | 28/326 (8.6%) | 69/319 (21.6%) | <0.0001 |
| Psychological distress | 61 (9.5%) | 5/324 (1.5%) | 56/319 (17.6%) | <0.0001 |
| IPV (recent) | 184 (28.6%) | 69/324 (21.3%) | 115/319 (36.1%) | <0.0001 |
| PTSD—suspected PTSD (subset: N = 253) | 23 (9.1%) | 20/150 (13.3%) | 3/103 (2.9%) | 0.014 |
| PTSD—Trauma exposed (subset: N = 253) | 16 (6.3%) | 9/150 (6.0%) | 7/103 (6.8%) | ‐ |
| Postnatal maternal psychosocial risk factors (12 months) (N = 754) | ||||
| Depression | 116 (15.4%) | 36/376 (9.6%) | 80/341 (23.5%) | <0.0001 |
| Psychological distress | 70 (9.3%) | 11/399 (2.8%) | 59/355 (16.6%) | <0.0001 |
| IPV (recent) | 199 (26.8%) | 68/388 (17.5%) | 131/354 (37.0%) | <0.0001 |
| PTSD— suspected PTSD (subset: N = 55) | 3 (5.5%) | 0/10 (0.0%) | 3/45 (6.7%) | 0.771 |
| PTSD— Trauma exposed (subset: N = 55) | 4 (7.3%) | 0/10 (0.0%) | 4/45 (8.9%) | ‐ |
| Postnatal maternal psychosocial risk factors (18 months) (n = 663) | ||||
| Depression | 65 (10.1%) | 22/347 (6.3%) | 43/294 (14.6%) | 0.001 |
| Psychological distress | 53 (8.0%) | 7/376 (1.9%) | 46/296 (15.5%) | <0.0001 |
| IPV (recent) | 144 (21.7%) | 62/367 (16.9%) | 82/296 (27.7%) | 0.001 |
| PTSD—suspected PTSD (subset: N = 235) | 18 (7.7%) | 16/108 (14.8%) | 2/127 (1.6%) | <0.0001 |
| PTSD— Trauma exposed (subset: N = 235) | 9 (3.8%) | 5/108 (4.6%) | 4/127 (3.2%) | ‐ |
| Postnatal maternal psychosocial risk factors (24 months) (n = 670) | ||||
| Psychological distress | 51 (7.6%) | 10/384 (2.6%) | 41/286 (14.3%) | <0.0001 |
| IPV (recent) | 144 (21.5%) | 69/383 (18.0%) | 75/286 (26.2%) | 0.011 |
| PTSD— suspected PTSD (subset: N = 281) | 16 (5.7%) | 10/138 (7.2%) | 6/143 (4.2%) | 0.153 |
| PTSD—Trauma exposed (subset: N = 281) | 6 (2.1%) | 1/138 (0.7%) | 5/143 (3.5%) | ‐ |
IPV, intimate partner violence; PTSD, post‐traumatic stress disorder.
a
IPV antenatal lifetime exposure N = 453 (46%).
b
Recent IPV considers incidents within the last 12 months.
c
PTSD questionnaire only given to those that have experienced a traumatic event.