Table 4.
Prevalence of obesity, number, and leading conditions identified during antenatal and postpartum care visits, by country.a , b
| Total | Jamaica | Kenya | Malawi | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antenatal care | (n=750) | (n=253) | (n=258) | (n=239) | |
| Obesity | |||||
| Body mass Index ≥30 | 258 (34.9) | 114 (45.4) | 53 (21.0) | 91 (38.4) | <0.001 |
| Number of conditions diagnosed | 0.018 | ||||
| 0 | 462 (61.6) | 139 (54.9) | 167 (64.7) | 156 (65.3) | |
| 1 | 205 (27.3) | 69 (27.3) | 73 (28.3) | 63 (26.4) | |
| 2 | 65 (8.7) | 38 (15.0) | 14 (5.4) | 13 (5.4) | |
| 3–6 | 18 (2.4) | 7 (2.7) | 4 (1.6) | 7 (2.9) | |
| Categories of conditions | |||||
| Direct | 137 (18.3) | 31 (12.3) | 42 (16.3) | 64 (26.8) | <0.001 |
| Indirect | 135 (18.0) | 62 (24.5) | 49 (19.0) | 24 (10.4) | <0.001 |
| Exposure to violence | 96 (12.8) | 31 (12.3) | 45 (17.4) | 20 (8.4) | 0.004 |
| Leading direct conditions | |||||
| Pregnancy infections | 78 (10.4) | 6 (2.4) | 27 (10.5) | 45 (18.8) | <0.001 |
| Hypertensive disorders | 22 (2.9) | 9 (3.6) | 1 (0.4) | 12 (5.0) | 0.002 |
| Fetus growth/length anomaly | 12 (1.6) | 6 (2.4) | 3 (1.2) | 3 (1.3) | 0.581 |
| Other | 7 (0.9) | 4 (1.6) | 0 (–) | 3 (1.3) | 0.105 |
| Obstetric trauma | 5 (0.7) | 3 (1.2) | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) | 0.541 |
| Leading indirect conditions | |||||
| Sexually transmitted infection, vaginitis | 51 (6.8) | 20 (7.9) | 17 (6.6) | 14 (5.9) | 0.657 |
| Psychiatric | 48 (6.4) | 40 (15.8) | 6 (2.3) | 2 (0.8) | <0.001 |
| Hematologic | 28 (3.7) | 10 (4.0) | 12 (4.7) | 6 (2.5) | 0.442 |
| Malaria | 9 (1.2) | 0 (–) | 9 (3.5) | 0 (–) | <0.001 |
| Respiratory | 6 (0.8) | 0 (–) | 5 (1.9) | 1 (0.4) | 0.043 |
| Postpartum care | (n=740) | (n=256) | (n=242) | (n=242) | |
| Obesity | |||||
| Body Mass Index ≥30 | 164 (22.6) | 94 (37.3) | 32 (13.5) | 38 (16.1) | <0.001 |
| Number of conditions diagnosed | 0.027 | ||||
| 0 | 585 (79.1) | 184 (71.9) | 195 (80.6) | 206 (85.1) | |
| 1 | 112 (15.1) | 51 (19.9) | 31 (12.8) | 30 (12.4) | |
| 2 | 32 (4.3) | 15 (5.7) | 11 (4.6) | 6 (2.5) | |
| 3–4 | 11 (1.4) | 6 (2.4) | 5 (1.1) | 0 (–) | |
| Categories of conditions | |||||
| Direct | 64 (8.7) | 19 (7.4) | 15 (6.2) | 30 (12.4) | 0.036 |
| Indirect | 94 (12.7) | 51 (19.9) | 36 (14.9) | 7 (2.9) | <0.001 |
| Exposure to violence | 81 (11.0) | 24 (9.4) | 40 (16.5) | 17 (7.0) | <0.001 |
| Leading direct conditions | |||||
| Hypertensive disorders | 30 (4.1) | 12 (4.7) | 4 (1.7) | 14 (5.8) | 0.43 |
| Pregnancy infections | 28 (3.8) | 4 (1.6) | 9 (3.7) | 15 (6.2) | 0.024 |
| Obstetric hemorrhage | 2 (0.3) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (–) | 1 (0.4) | 0.999 |
| Wound complication | 2 (0.3) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (–) | 1 (0.4) | 0.999 |
| Other | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (–) | 0 (–) | 0.999 |
| Leading indirect conditions | |||||
| Sexually transmitted infection, vaginitis | 48 (6.5) | 38 (14.8) | 6 (2.5) | 4 (1.7) | <0.001 |
| Psychiatric | 16 (2.2) | 13 (5.1) | 2 (0.8) | 1 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| Hematological | 13 (1.8) | 3 (1.2) | 9 (3.7) | 1 (0.4) | 0.024 |
| Gastrointestinal | 5 (0.7) | 1 (0.4) | 4 (1.7) | 0 (–) | 0.088 |
| Other infection | 4 (0.5) | 2 (0.8) | 2 (0.8) | 0 (–) | 0.554 |
a
All P values refer to χ2 results, unless cell values were <5 and Fisher exact or Kruskal‐Wallis tests were employed depending on the variable.
b
Values are given as number (percentage) unless otherwise indicated.