Table 1.
Comparison of methods in studies on EEG AA
| No | Study | Sample | Age (years) | % female | Classification of depressive status | Method | EEG detail | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Experimental group | CG | Experimental group | CG | Reference montage | EO/EC | Recording length (min) | Alpha range (Hz) | |||||
| 1 | Liu et al57 | EG: N = 141 (38 melancholic MDD and 103 non-melancholic MDD) | CG: 113 non-MDD patients | EG1 – melancholic: M = 35.92 (SD = 12.86) and EG2 – non-melancholic: M = 32.79 (SD = 11.66) | CG: M = 32.56 (SD = 12.50) | 66.50 | SCID, HRS | Group comparison | LMas | EO + EC | 6 × 1 | 7.8–12.7 |
| 2 | Cantisani et al66 | EG: 20 patients with a diagnosis of MDD | CG: 19 healthy adults | EG: M = 43.3 (SD = 14.03) | CG: M = 41.05 (SD = 13.82) | 53.80 | SCID, HAMD, MADRS, BDI | Group comparison and correlation | CA | EO + EC | 6 | 8–12.5 |
| 3 | Arns et al73 | EG: 1,008 MDD patients | CG: 336 healthy controls | EG: M = 37.84 (SD = 12.6) | CG: M = 36.99 (SD = 13.1) | 57 | MINI-Plus, HRSD | Group comparison | LMas | EO + EC | 2 × 2 | 8–13 |
| 4 | Stewart et al71 | EG: 143 MDD | CG: 163 healthy controls | M = 19.1 (SD = 0.1) | Range: 17–34 | 69.00 | SCID, BDI | Group comparison | CA, Cz, LMas, CSD | EO + EC | 8 × 1 | 8–13 |
| 5 | Manna et al82 | EG1: 14 high- anxiety depressive and EG2: 14 low-anxiety depressive | CG: 21 healthy controls | EG1: M = 39.9 (SD = 11.7) and EG2: M = 31.4 (SD = 11.7) | CG: M = 34.0 (SD = 11.8) | 57.10 | BDI | Group comparison | LMas | EO | 8–13 | |
| 6 | Escolano et al74 | 74 MDD patients were randomly allocated to the NF group (n = 50) or to the CG (n = 24) | CG: 24 MDD patients randomly selected | NF group: M = 53.70 (SD = 10.87) | CG: M = 49.50 (SD = 10.18) | 68.30 | BDI-II, PHQ-9 | Group comparison | FPz, l ear | EO + EC | 6 | 8–12 |
| 7 | Spronk et al, 200876 | 8 patients with MDD | M = 42.6 (range 28–50) | 37.50 | BDI, MINI-Plus | LMas | EO + EC | 4 | 8–13; alpha 1 (8–11) and alpha 2 (11–13) | |||
| 8 | Mathersul et al54 | 428 subjects selected from the Brain Resource International Database | M = 34.85 (SD = 12.59), range 18–60 | 50 | DASS-21 | Group comparison | CA | EC | 2 | 8–13 | ||
| 9 | Pössel et al, 200877 | 80 mentally healthy adolescents | M = 13.92 (SD = 0.57), range: 13–15 | 43.75 | DSQ, DISYPS-KJ: SBB-DE | Regression analyses | Nose | EO + EC | 4 × 2 | 8–13 | ||
| 10 | Tops et al79 | 11 healthy male volunteers | M = 27.7, range: 19–42 | 0 | BDI | Group comparison | l ear/LE | EO + EC | 2 | 8–13 | ||
| 11 | Metzger et al75 | 50 female Vietnam War nurse veterans | M = 53.7 (SD = 2.8) | 100 | SCID, SCL-90-R | Correlation | LE | EO + EC | 2 × 3 | 8–13 | ||
| 12 | Kentgen et al80 | EG: 25 outpatients (19 MDD [11 MDD + current anxiety disorder] and 6 anxiety disorders) | CG: 10 non-ill controls | M = 15.5, range: 12.2–18.8 | 100 | PARIS, K-SADS, DISC-2.3-C | Group comparison | Nose | EO + EC | 2 × 3 | 7.8–12.5 | |
| 13 | Graae et al65 | EG: 16 Hispanic females after suicide attempt | CG: 22 normal Hispanic adolescent girls | M = 14, range: 12–17 | 100 | BDI, HASS | Group comparison | Nose, C3 & C4 | EO + EC | 2 × 3 | 8–13 | |
| 14 | Adolph and Margraf59 | 43 healthy students showing symptoms of depression or anxiety | Range: 19–34 | 65.12 | D-S | Regression analyses | l-Mas | EO + EC | 8 | 8–13 | ||
| 15 | Cantisani et al66 | EG: 20 MDD patients | CG: 19 healthy controls | EG: M = 43.3 (SD = 14.03) | CG: M = 41.05 (SD = 13.82) | 53.80 | SCID, HAMD, MADRS, BDI | Group comparison and correlation | Cz | EC | 6 | Lower alpha: 8–10 and upper alpha: 10.5–12.5 |
| 16 | Moynihan et al67 | EG: 105 MBSR group | CG: 103 | EG: M = 73.3 (SD = 6.7) | CG: M = 73.6 (SD = 6.7) | 59.60 | CES-D-R | Group comparison | r-Mas | EO + EC | 8 × 1 | 8–13 |
| 17 | Bruder et al81 | EG: high-risk group (37) | CG: low-risk group (38) | EG: M = 33.9 (SD = 11.7) | CG: M = 27.4 (SD = 13.5) | 53.33 | SADS-L, K-SADS-E, K-SADS-PL | Group comparison and correlation | l ear | EO + EC | 4 × 2 | 7.0–12.5 |
| 18 | Keune et al68 | N = 57 recurrently depressed women in remission EG: mindfulness support group 25 | CG: rumination challenge group (32) | EG: M = 43.56 (SD = 9.67) | CG: M = 49.09 (SD = 10.82) | 100 | BDI-II, PANAS | Group comparison and correlation | LMas | EO + EC | 8 × 1 and 10 | 8–13 |
| 19 | Segrave et al85 | EG: 16 MDD | CG: 18 controls | EG: M = 40.75 (SD = 11.39) | CG: M = 42.11 (SD = 13.02) | 100 | BDI, MINI-Plus, MADRS | Group comparison | Cz, CA | EO + EC | 2 × 3 | 8–13 and IAF |
| 20 | Chan et al55 | Participants with depression, EG1: 17 CBT and EG2: 17 DMBI | Participants with depression, CG: WL | EG1: M = 46.94 (SD = 6.54) and EG2: M = 47.06 (SD = 9.54) | CG: M = 45.44 (SD = 8.25) | 80 | SCID | Group comparison and correlation | LE | EC | 5 | 8–13 |
| 21 | Gordon et al60 | EG: 567 participants across 6 clinical groups | CG: 1,908 healthy control participants from the BRID | Range: 6–87 | 45.80 | MINI | Group comparison | LMas | EO + EC | 2 × 2 | 8–13 | |
| 22 | Kemp et al51 | EG: 14 patients with PTSD and 15 patients with MDD | CG: 15 healthy controls | EG – PTSD: M = 41.4 (SD = 12.3) and MDD: M = 39.9 (SD = 14.0) | CG: M = 42.4 (SD = 16.7) | 61.40 | MINI, HRSD, DASS | Group comparison | LMas | EC | 2 | 8–13 |
| 23 | Beaton et al63 | Undergraduate students, EG: 24 high socially anxious | Undergraduate students, CG: 25 low socially anxious | M = 20.32 (SD = 4.18) | 75.50 | DASS-21 | Group comparison and correlation | Cz | EC + EO | 2 | 8–13 | |
| 24 | De Raedt et al64 | 20 volunteer students | 85 | BDI-II | Regression analyses | Cz | EC | 2 | 8–12 | |||
| 25 | Bruder et al84 | EG1: 19 highest risk group and EG2: 14 intermediate risk group | CG: 16 lowest risk group | EG1: M = 15.4 (SD = 4.7) and EG2: M = 10.6 (SD = 4.5) | CG: M = 13.6 (SD = 6.2) | 53 | SADS-L, K-SADS-E, K-SADS-PL | Group comparison | LE | EO + EC | 4 × 2 | 7.0–12.5 |
| 26 | McFarland et al70 | 70 participants | M = 34.64 (SD = 12.97), range: 18–63 | 65.70 | SCID | Correlation | LE | EO + EC | 6 × 1 | 8–13 | ||
| 27 | Diego et al52 | Woman (effects of maternal depression), EG: 20 undefined (CES-D = 0–2); 10 borderline (CES-D = 13–15), 69 depressed (CES-D >16) | CG: 64 non- depressed (CES-D = 3–12) | M = 23 (SD = 5.0) | 100 | CES-D | Group comparison and correlation | Cz | 3 | 8–12 | ||
| 28 | Bruder et al4 | EG: 44 depressed outpatients | CG: 26 normal patients | EG: anxious group: M = 36.7 (SD = 11.5); Nonanxious: M = 41.3 (SD = 10.7) | CG: M = 32.9 (SD = 9.8) | 50 | BDI | Group comparison and correlation | Nose | EO + EC | 2 × 3 | 7.8–12.5 |
| 29 | Tomarken et al53 | EG: 25 high-risk patients | CG: 13 low-risk patients | EG: M = 13.1 (SD = 0.3) | CG: M = 13.0 (SD = 0.4) | 52.60 | SCID, K-SADS-E, CDI, K-LIFE | Group comparison and regression analyses | Cz | EO + EC | 8 × 1 | 8.5–12.5 |
| 30 | Jesulola et al20 | 100 participants | 32.5 (SD = 14.13) | 54 | SDS | Group comparison and correlation | CA | EO + EC | 3 × 3 | 8–13 | ||
| 31 | Kaiser et al17 | 39 females: EG1: anxiety + depression; EG2: depression participants | CG: healthy participants | EG1: M = 78.6 (SD = 6.7) and EG2: M = 80.5 (SD = 5.7) | CG: M = 80.9 (SD = 7.0) | 100 | HADS-A, HADS-D, GDS | Group comparison and correlation | r-Mas | EC + EO | 3 | Alpha 1 (6.9–8.9), alpha 2 (8.9–10.9), and alpha 3 (10.9–12.9) |
| 32 | Brzezicka et al83 | EG: 26 depressed patients | CG: 26 controls | M = 26.42 (SD = 6.5) | ICD-10 classification criteria | Group comparison and correlation | CSD | EC | 5 | 8–13 | ||
| 33 | Mennella et al35 | EG: 23 dysphoric individuals | CG: 24 nondysphoric individuals | EG: M = 21.0 (SD = 1.6) | CG: M = 15.9 (SD = 4.4) | 100 | BDI-II, SCID | Group comparison | l-Mas | EO | 5 | 8–13 |
| 34 | Quinn et al58 | EG: 117 MDD patients (57 with melancholia and 60 with non- melancholia) | CG: 120 healthy controls | MINI-Plus | Group comparison | LMas, CA | EC | 2 | 8–13 | |||
| 35 | Gold et al8 | 79 adults | M = 35.6 (SD = 9.8), range: 18–50 | 78.5 | MADRS, HADS-A | Correlations | EC | EC | 5 | 8–12 | ||
| 36 | Allen and Cohen56 | 306 young adults – 143 with MDD | M = 19.1 (SE = 0.1), range: 17–34 | 69 | BDI | Group comparison and correlation | Cz, CSD | EC + EO | 8 | 8–13 | ||
| 37 | Saletu et al61 | EG: 60 female depressed menopausal syndrome patients | CG: 30 normal controls | EG: M = 51.10 (SD = 3.13) | 100 | DSM-IIIR | Group comparison (SPM) | EC | 7 | 8–10 | ||
| 38 | Carvalho et al16 | EG1: 12 depressed patients and EG2: 8 remitted patients | CG: 7 non-depressed patients | M = 71.3 | 66.60 | DSM-IV | Group comparison | l ear | EC | 8 | 8–12.9 | |
| 39 | Deslandes et al15 | EG: 22 depressed elderly participants | CG: 14 healthy elderly participants | EG: M = 71.6 (SD = 1.2) | CG: M = 72.4 (SD = 1.7) | 94.40 | DSM-IV | Group comparison | LE | EC | 8 | 8–13 |
| 40 | Putnam and McSweeney62 | EG: 6 depressed outpatient groups | CG: 7 healthy CG | EG: M = 32.6 (SD = 12.1) | CG: M = 32.8 (SD = 11.3) | 69.20 | BDI | Group comparison | Cz | EC + EO | 4 × 4 | 8–13 |
| 41 | Barnhofer et al69 | 22 individuals with a previous history of suicidal depression were randomly assigned to either MBCT (n = 10) or treatment-as-usual group (n = 12) | CG: 12 treatment-as-usual group | EG: M = 48.0 (SD = 10.2) | CG: M = 38.6 (SD = 9.6) | 50 | BDI | Group comparison | CA, LE | EC + EO | 8 | 8–13 |
| 42 | Bruder et al47 | EG1: 18 subjects were both parents and had an MDD and EG2: 40 subjects were one parent and had an MDD | CG: 29 subjects were neither parent and had an MDD | EG1: M = 29.0 (SD = 11.0), range: 8–47 and EG2: M = 37.0 (SD = 8.0), range: 22–50 | CG: M = 37.1 (SD = 4.7), range: 29–47 | 60.90 | SADS-L, K-SADS-E, K-SADS-PL | Group comparison | l ear | EC | 4 × 2 | 7.0–12.5 |
| 43 | Allen et al14 | 30 women | range: 18–45 | 100 | SCID | Group comparison and correlation | Cz, LMas | EO + EC | 8 | 8–13 | ||
| 44 | Debener et al72 | EG: 15 clinically depressed patients | CG: 22 healthy adults | EG: M = 48.5, range: 23–64 | CG: M = 45.9, range: 26–64 | 67.6 | Structural clinical interview ICD-10 | Group comparison | LE | EO + EC | 2 | 8–13 |
Abbreviations: AA, alpha asymmetry; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; BRID, Brain Resource International Database; C3 and C4, average between central left and right; CA, common average; CBT, cognitive behavioral therapy; CG, control group; CES-D-R, depression scale-revised; CSD, current source density transformation; Cz, the midline central position; DASS, depression anxiety stress scales; DISC-2.3-C, Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children; DISYPS-KJ: SBB-DE, self-rating questionnaire for depressive disorders measures symptom criteria in accordance with DSM-IV diagnoses of depressive disorders; DSQ, depressions-screening questionnaire; DMBI, Chan-based Dejian mind-body intervention; DSM-IIIR, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised; DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition; EC, eyes closed; EEG, electroencephalogram; EG, experimental group; EO, eyes open; FPz, frontal-midline electrode; GDS, geriatric depression scale; HADS-A, hospital anxiety and depression scale; HADS-D, hospital anxiety and depression scale – German version; HAMD, Hamilton depression rating scale; HASS, Harkavy, Asnis Suicide scale; HRS, Hamilton rating scale; HRSD, Hamilton rating scale for depression; K-SADS, schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia; K-SADS-PL, Kiddie-sads-present and lifetime version; LE, left ear; LMas, left-mastoid; M, median; MADRS, Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale; MBCT, Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy; MBSR, mindfulness-based stress reduction; MINI-Plus, mini-international neuropsychiatric interview; MDD, major depressive disorder; NF, neurofeedback; PANAS, positive and negative affect scales; PARIS, Parent as Respondent Informant Schedule; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; SE, standard error; SADS-L, schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia lifetime version for adults and for children between the ages 6 and 17, the child version (K-SADS-E); SCID, structured clinical interview for DSM-IV; SCL-90-R, symptom checklist revised; SPM, statistical parametric maps; WL, waitlist control group.