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(A) Schematic diagram of the split-columns used in the experiment. (B) A 5 mm diameter plastic tube was installed in the bottom segment to allow irrigation of the bottom layer independently from the top layer. The desired soil water content was maintained by injecting water with a syringe. (C) Wax layer at the top of the bottom layer to hydraulically separate it from the top layer. (D) Wheat roots penetrating the wax layer and the embedded plastic wire mesh during a preliminary trial.
