Table 1. Baseline characteristics of study participants according to survival at day 28.
| All N = 519 |
Day 28 non-survivors N = 32 |
Day 28 survivors N = 487 |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) or Median (IQR) | p-value | |||
| Age, years | 30 (23–40) | 41 (28–49) | 29 (23–39) | <0.001 |
| Female sex | 246 (47%) | 19 (59%) | 227 (47%) | 0.16 |
| Inclusion in a hospital (versus healthcare center) | 343 (66%) | 30 (94%) | 313 (64%) | 0.001 |
| HIV positive | 128 (25%) | 18 (56%) | 110 (23%) | <0.001 |
| CD4, cells/mm3 (HIV+ patients) | 122 (51–260) | 80 (45–148) | 127 (59–275) | 0.07 |
| Temperature, °C | 38.3 (38.0–39.0) | 38.4 (38.1–38.9) | 38.3 (38.0–39.0) | 0.63 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 118 (106–126) | 106 (98–120) | 119 (106–126) | 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure ≤100 mmHg | 89 (17%) | 14 (44%) | 75 (15%) | <0.001 |
| Respiratory rate, breaths/min | 23 (20–26) | 28 (26–32) | 23 (20–25) | <0.001 |
| Respiratory rate ≥22/min | 325 (63%) | 27 (84%) | 298 (61%) | 0.01 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 106 (90–119) | 126 (111–133) | 105 (90–117) | <0.001 |
| Glasgow Coma scale score ≤14 | 17 (3%) | 14 (44%) | 3 (0.6%) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory results | ||||
| White blood cell count, cells/mL | 5.8 (4.2–8.6) | 6.4 (5.2–13) | 5.8 (4.2–8.5) | 0.06 |
| Platelets, 103/μL a | 184 (118–252) | 181 (85–292) | 184 (122–252) | 0.66 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL b | 0.99 (0.84–1.2) | 1.0 (0.80–1.6) | 0.99 (0.84–1.2) | 0.26 |
| Bilirubin, mg/dL c | 0.32 (0.16–0.72) | 0.15 (0.08–0.23) | 0.34 (0.18–0.81) | <0.001 |
| Sites of infection | ||||
| Respiratory | 223 (43%) | 18 (56%) | 205 (42%) | 0.12 |
| Genito-urinary | 38 (7%) | 3 (9%) | 35 (7%) | 0.65 |
| Abdominal | 31 (6%) | 4 (13%) | 27 (6%) | 0.11 |
| Other sites | 8 (2%) | 5 (16%) | 3 (0.6%) | <0.001 |
| Most common microbiologically documented infections | ||||
| Dengue | 134 (26%) | 2 (6%) | 132 (27%) | 0.01 |
| Malaria | 29 (6%) | 0 (0) | 29 (6%) | 0.16 |
| Typhoid | 28 (5%) | 0 (0) | 28 (6%) | 0.16 |
| SIRS | 0.21 | |||
| 0 | 30 (6%) | 0 (0) | 30 (6%) | |
| 1 | 65 (13%) | 3 (9%) | 62 (13%) | |
| 2 | 126 (24%) | 6 (19%) | 120 (25%) | |
| 3 | 215 (41%) | 14 (44%) | 201 (41%) | |
| 4 | 83 (16%) | 9 (28%) | 74 (15%) | |
| SIRS ≥2 | 424 (82%) | 29 (91%) | 395 (81%) | 0.18 |
| SOFA ≥2 d | 156 (30%) | 23 (72%) | 133 (27%) | <0.001 |
| qSOFA e | <0.001 | |||
| 0 | 172 (33%) | 1 (3%) | 171 (35%) | |
| 1 | 268 (52%) | 12 (38%) | 256 (53%) | |
| 2 | 74 (14%) | 14 (44%) | 60 (12%) | |
| 3 | 5 (1%) | 5 (16%) | 0 (0) | |
| qSOFA ≥2 | 79 (15%) | 19 (59%) | 60 (12%) | <0.001 |
| Management | ||||
| Antibiotic therapy | 210 (41%) | 24 (75%) | 186 (38%) | <0.001 |
| Hospital admission | 81 (16%) | 31 (97%) | 50 (10%) | <0.001 |
| Length of hospital stay f (admitted patients) | 4 (2–8) | 3 (2–12) | 4 (2–7) | 0.66 |
a 9 missing values;
b 11 missing values;
c 329 missing values;
d Considering that bilirubin was not tested and considered normal in outpatients, a variable of the SOFA score was missing in 22 patients (9 platelets count, 11 creatinine, 5 bilirubin);
e Variables for the calculation of qSOFA were available for every patient;
f 1 Length of hospital stay missing.