Table 1. Characteristics of included studies.

Study	Intervention Group Condition			Control Group Condition	Primary Outcome Measures
	Intensity, Model, and Systemic Interventions (SI)	Target Population	Intervention Duration, Session Length, and Format
Daley-McCoy et al., 2014e [20]	Intensity: Universal. Model: “Psychoeducation.” SI: Communication and problem-solving skills traininga	Women and their partners (n = 47) expecting their first baby	Duration: 5 standard antenatal care classes with an additional session after the last class. Length: 2 hours. Format: Group.	Standard care (n = 36)	Depression: Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Family Functioning: Couple Communication Scale.
Feinberg & Kan, 2008b [22]	Level: Universal. Model: “Family Foundations.” SI: Communication, problem-solving, and conflict management skillsa	Women and their partners (n = 79) expecting their first baby	Duration: 4 prenatal classes and 4 postnatal classes. Length: 2 hours. Format: Group.	No treatment control condition (n = 73)	Depression: Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Family Functioning: Video-taped couple interactions.
Fisher et al., 2016b, f [21]	Level: Universal. Model: “What Were We Thinking.” SI: Communication, conflict management skills & parenting skillsa	First-time parents (n = 187) of infants	Duration: 1 session integrated into standard primary care program. Length: 6 hours. Format: Group.	Standard care (n = 177)	Depression: Patient Health Questionnaire– 9 item. Family Functioning: Intimate Bonds Measure and a single item relationship quality measure.
Gambrel & Piercy 2015 [23]	Level: Universal. Model: “Mindfulness-based relationship education.” SI: Cognitive, interpersonal mindfulness skillsa	Women and their partners (n = 32) expecting their first baby	Duration: 4 weekly sessions. Length: 2 hours. Format: Group.	Wait-list control group (n = 34)	Depression: Depression Anxiety Stress Scale–Depression subscale. Family Functioning: Couple Satisfaction Index.
Misri et al., 2000 [16]	Level: Treatment. Model: “Psychoeducation.” SI: Supportive communication.	Postpartum womeng diagnosed with MDDc and their partners (n = 32)	Duration: 6 weekly sessions followed by 1 session, a month later. Partners attended 4 of the 7 sessions. Length: Not specified. Format: Individual couple sessions.	Psychoeducation sessions with only patients (n = 25)	Depression: EPDS. Family Functioning: Dyadic Adjustment Scale.
Mulcahy et al., 2010b [17]	Level: Treatment. Model: “Interpersonal Group Therapy.” SI: Partners learned to support and respond to depressed women.	Postpartum womeng (n = 23) diagnosed with MDDc and their partners	Duration: 8 weekly sessions and 1 partner session. Length: 2 hours. Format: Group.	Treatment as usual (n = 27)	Depression: EPDS. Family Functioning: Dyadic Adjustment Scale.
Ortiz Collado et al., 2014e [26]	Level: Indicated prevention. Model: Humanistic and cognitive-behavioral.d SI: Communication skills to strengthen affective bonds.a	Pregnant womeng and their partners (n = 138)	Duration: 10 weekly sessions. Length: 2 hours and 15 minutes. Format: Group.	Standard Care (n = 116)	Depression: EPDS. Family Functioning: Dyadic Adjustment Scale.

^aWe classified these interventions as cognitive-behavioral.

^b Only included in the meta-analysis for the depression outcome. See the subsection “Managing missing quantitative data” for more details.

^cMDD = Major Depressive Disorder.

^dClassification of systemic interventions was confirmed through personal communication with Dr. Ortiz Collado.

^eFollow-ups occurred between one month and six weeks (n = 2) after the last intervention session.

^fFollow-up occurred five months after the last intervention session.

^gPrimaparous and multiparous women were included.