Table 2.
Sex and Income-Level Data Regarding Black and White U.S. Residents’ Exposure to Types of Police Use of Force (N = 1,327,138; weighted)
| Shout
|
Curse
|
Threaten Arrest
|
Push/Grab
|
Handcuff
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency (%) | χ2 | Frequency (%) | χ2 | Frequency (%) | χ2 | Frequency (%) | χ2 | Frequency (%) | χ2 | |
| Total Black (n = 185,284) | ||||||||||
| Males | 45,170 (32) |
74.0* | 17,486 (12) |
24.13* | 33,294 (23) |
17.67* | 23,413 (16) |
80.2* | 21,826 (15) |
347.6* |
| Females | 23,315 (55) |
– | 9,309 (22) |
– | 14,302 (36) |
– | 0 (0) |
– | 4,993 (12) |
– |
| Less than $20,000 | 46,573 (34) |
562.8* | 4,884 (4) |
558.5* | 31,541 (23) |
134.3* | 23,413 (17) |
986.5* | 17,029 (13) |
755.2* |
| $20,000–$49,000 | 12,603 (35) |
– | 12,603 (35) |
– | 6,746 (19) |
– | 0 (0) |
– | 9,790 (27) |
– |
| $50,000 or more | 9,309 (66) |
– | 9,309 (66) |
– | 9,309 (66) |
– | 0 (0) |
– | 0 (0) |
– |
|
| ||||||||||
| Black males (n = 142,573) | ||||||||||
| Less than $20k | 32,568 (31) |
270.8* | 4,884 (5) |
233.5* | 26,548 (25) |
546.0* | 23,413 (22) |
939.9* | 12,036 (11) |
533.2* |
| $20k–$49k | 12,603 (35) |
– | 12,603 (35) |
– | 6,746 (19) |
– | 0 (0) |
– | 9,790 (27) |
– |
|
| ||||||||||
| Black females (n = 42,711) | ||||||||||
| Less than $20,000 | 14,006 (49) |
116.2* | 0 (0) |
243.2* | 4,993 (17) |
101.2* | 0 (0) |
– | 4,993 (17) |
276.6* |
| $50,000 or more | 9,309 (66) |
– | 9,309 (66) |
– | 9,309 (66) |
– | 0 (0) |
– | 0 (0) |
– |
|
| ||||||||||
| Total White (n = 1,141,854) | ||||||||||
| Males | 64,088 (9) |
86.9* | 34,528 (5) |
12.78* | 74,979 (10) |
1.3 | 20,202 (3) |
27.20* | 21,511 (3) |
21.39* |
| Females | 58,322 (14) |
– | 13,383 (3) |
– | 41,156 (10) |
– | 5,113 (1) |
– | 37,818 (9) |
– |
| Less than $20,000 | 76,624 (18) |
564.8* | 28,516 (7) |
129.1* | 30,385 (7) |
787.8* | 8,141 (2) |
216.8* | 23,377 (6) |
695.6* |
| $20,000–$49,000 | 38,744 (12) |
– | 12,768 (4) |
– | 44,997 (13) |
– | 17,174 (5) |
– | 24,528 (7) |
– |
| $50,000 or more | 7,043 (2) |
– | 6,628 (2) |
– | 40,752 (11) |
– | 0 (0) |
– | 11,424 (3) |
– |
|
| ||||||||||
| White males (n = 735,486) | ||||||||||
| Less than $20,000 | 46,366 (20) |
628.6* | 15,132 (7) |
612.9* | 0 (0) |
456.7* | 8,141 (4) |
155.7* | 0 (0) |
105.9* |
| $20,000–$49,000 | 17,722 (8) |
– | 12,768 (6) |
– | 39,885 (19) |
– | 12,061 (6) |
– | 10,087 (5) |
– |
| $50,000 or more | 0 (0) |
– | 6,628 (2) |
– | 35,094 (12) |
– | 0 (0) |
– | 11,424 (4) |
– |
|
| ||||||||||
| White females (n = 406,368) | ||||||||||
| Less than $20,000 | 30,258 (16) |
495.7* | 13,383 (7) |
166.0* | 30,385 (16) |
150.7* | 0 (0) |
115.1* | 23,377 (13) |
129.4* |
| $50,000 or more | 21,022 (17) |
– | 0 (0) |
– | 5,113 (4) |
– | 5,113 (4) |
– | 14,441 (11) |
– |
Note. x2 = Chi-square.
*
p < 0.01.