Fig. 5.

Our imaging-based assay is more predictive than cell count or viability assays. a Percentages of viable cells with respect to the solvent controls for all the 33 reference chemicals (red = pulmonotoxic, blue = non-pulmonotoxic) and 17 test chemicals (green). The values were measured using a standard cell-viability assay with BEAS-2B cells exposed to the chemicals for 72 h. Our final assay based on F₁ and F₂ and trained on all the reference chemicals was applied to all the reference and test chemicals (solid lines = predicted to be positive, dashed lines = predicted to be negative). b Test balanced accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity values of the three indicated assays in classifying the reference chemicals estimated using a tenfold cross-validation procedure. c Schematic showing the four major pathways activated by our reference and test chemicals. (Color figure online)