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. 2018 Jun 14;6:19. doi: 10.1038/s41413-018-0021-z

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Models of bone formation. a Endochondral ossification. Mesenchymal stromal cells develop into two different lineages, chondrogenic and osteogenic with no other intermediates. b Intramembranous ossification. Osteoblast development does not require the formation of a chondrocyte template. Mesenchymal stromal cells directly differentiate in an osteogenic lineage. c Chondrocyte to osteogenic precursor. Immature chondrocytes differentiate into an osteogenic precursor population which then differentiate into pre-osteoblasts and osteoblasts. d Dedifferentiation to redifferentiation. Hypertrophic chondrocytes dedifferentiate into immature chondrocytes, which directly differentiate to an osteogenic fate. e Direct transdifferentiation. Hypertrophic chondrocytes directly differentiate to osteoblasts.