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. 2018 Jun 8;9:308. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00308

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Copyright © 2018 Qin, Xiao, Ye, Jia, Liu, Liang, Zou and Hu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Working model of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) regulation by E2 in grass carp pituitary cells. In grass carp pituitary cells, E2 could activate both protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) and ER to induce LH and FSH secretion and synthesis. These effects appear to be mediated through the adenylyl cyclase/cAMP/protein kinase A, phospholipase C (PLC)/inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate/protein kinase C (PKC), and Ca²⁺/calmodulin/CaM-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK-II) cascades.