Table 3.

Structural parameter estimates for best-fitting model, gender included as covariate (N = 792).

Dependent variable	Independent variable	Unstandardized estimates	Standard error	Standardized	t value	R-square
Mathematics intercept		27.853	0.807		34.525⁎⁎⁎	0.067
	Deciles, Total income in 2013	0.673	0.125	0.214	5.392⁎⁎⁎
	Male	1.303	0.688	0.074	1.894
	Maternal smoking	−2.140	0.938	−0.090	−2.283⁎
Mathematics slope		2.428	0.874		2.778⁎	0.136
	Math intercept	−0.141	0.043	−0.409	−3.314⁎⁎
	Icelandic intercept	0.044	0.037	0.131	1.190
	Deciles, Total income in 2013	0.129	0.055	0.119	2.353⁎
	Male	−0.450	0.313	−0.073	−1.436
	Maternal smoking	−0.660	0.392	−0.081	−1.686
	Cohabitation	0.826	0.394	0.097	2.097⁎
Icelandic intercept		30.590	0.811		37.741⁎⁎⁎	0.061
	Deciles, Total income in 2013	0.626	0.125	0.193	4.992⁎⁎⁎
	Male	−2.516	0.692	−0.138	−3.638⁎⁎
	Maternal smoking	−0.996	0.942	−0.041	−1.057
Icelandic slope		1.392	0.850	–	1.637	0.226
	Icelandic intercept	−0.182	0.036	−0.629	−5.100⁎⁎⁎
	Math intercept	0.143	0.036	0.482	4.011⁎⁎⁎
	Deciles, Total income in 2013	0.079	0.049	0.085	1.613
	Male	−1.383	0.279	−0.263	−4.950⁎⁎⁎
	Maternal smoking	−0.374	0.348	−0.053	−1.075
	Cohabitation	0.583	0.353	0.080	1.653
Covariances	Maternal smoking and income	−0.201	0.038	−0.191	−5.285⁎⁎⁎
	Cohabitation and income	0.267	0.037	0.263	7.154⁎⁎⁎
	Cohabitation and maternal smoking	−0.028	0.005	−0.211	−5.797⁎⁎⁎

^⁎⁎⁎p < 0.0001.

^⁎⁎p < 0.001.

^⁎p < 0.05.