Table 3.
Summary of studies of the effects of aging on fundamental frequency and first two formant frequencies of vowels.
| Source Article | Change in f0 | Change in F1 | Change in F2 | Centralization or reduction? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Debruyne & Decoster (1999) | Decreased in women | Decreased in men and women for one vowel | Decreased in men and women for one vowel | – |
| Eichhorn et al. (in press) | Decreased in women | Vowel-specific changes for men and women | Vowel-specific changes for men and women | No |
| Endres, Bambach, & Flosser (1971) | Decreased in men and women | Decreased in men and women | Decreased in men and women | – |
| Fisher & Linville (1985) | – | Decreased in women for one vowel studied | – | – |
| Fletcher et al. (2015) | – | No change for men or women in 65- to 90- year-old age range | No change for men or women in 65- to 90- year-old age range | No |
| Harrington, Palethorpe, & Watson (2007) | Decreased in both men and women | Decreased in both men and women | – | – |
| Linville & Ross | – | Decreased in both men and women | Decreased in women; tended to decrease in men | – |
| Rastatter & Jaques (1990) | – | Varied with vowel for both men and women | Varied with vowel for both men and women | Yes |
| Scukanec & Petrosino (1991) | – | Decreased for 4 vowels studied in women | Decreased for back vowels in women | Yes |
| Sebastian, Babu, Oommen, & Ballraj (2012) | No change for men or women in 60- to 80- year-old age range | No change for men or women in 60- to 80- year-old age range | No change for men or women in 60- to 80- year-old age range | – |
| Torre & Barlowx (2009) | Increased in men, decreased in women | – | – | No |
| Watson & Munson (2007) | – | Decreased in men and women | Decreased in men and women | Yes, for one dimension |
| Xue, Jiang, Lin, Glassenberg, & Mueller (1998) | – | Decreased in men and women | Varied with vowel | – |
| Xue & Hao (2003) | – | Decreased in men and women | Decreased depending on vowel in men and women | – |