Table 2. Characteristics (Mean (SD)) of 5,005 MESA participants by obesity and metabolic syndrome status across follow-up.
| Characteristic | MHN (n=2751) | MHO (n=550) | MHO to MUO (n=501) | MUO (n=1203) | p-value * |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | |||||
| Age (years) | 62.1 (0.20) | 58.0 (0.41) | 59.5 (0.41) | 61.0 (0.27) | 0.001 |
| Sex (% Female) | 45.9 (1.00) | 60.7 (2.08) | 54.5 (2.23) | 59.9 (1.41) | <0.001 |
| Race | |||||
| Caucasian | 44.8 (0.95) | 35.6 (2.04) | 37.9 (2.17) | 20.7 (1.33) | |
| Asian | 16.2 (0.70) | 1.09 (0.44) | 1.60 (0.56) | 2.49 (0.45) | <0.001 |
| African American | 23.0 (0.80) | 41.3 (2.10) | 36.5 (2.15) | 26.7 (1.39) | |
| Hispanic | 15.9 (0.70) | 22.0 (1.77) | 24.0 (1.91) | 30.2 (1.32) | |
| Education (% ≥ high school) | 96.6 (0.65) | 87.8 (1.40) | 83.8 (1.65) | 77.2 (1.21) | <0.001 |
| Income (% ≥$35,000) | 61.4 (0.93) | 60.4 (2.11) | 59.8 (2.20) | 49.8 (1.46) | <0.001 |
| Current Smoking (%) | 13.0 (0.64) | 12.0 (1.39) | 11.6 (1.43) | 14.1 (1.00) | 0.52 |
| Physical Activity (METS) | 1767 (48.5) | 1658 (112.0) | 1479 (90.7) | 1226 (57.1) | <0.001 |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 193.3 (0.64) | 195.8 (1.42) | 195.6 (1.61) | 192.4 (1.09) | 0.67 |
| LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 116.8 (0.59) | 120.2 (1.20) | 120.9 (1.44) | 115.9 (0.97) | 0.97 |
| Statin Use (%) | 11.6 (0.61) | 10.5 (1.31) | 17.2 (1.69) | 21.9 (1.19) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.6 (0.06) | 32.7 (0.19) | 34.0 (0.20) | 34.5 (0.14) | <0.001 |
| Waist Circumference (cm) | 88.6 (0.19) | 106.0 (0.53) | 111.2 (0.52) | 112.9 (0.36) | <0.001 |
| HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 56.8 (0.30) | 55.3 (0.58) | 47.8 (0.54) | 44.6 (0.32) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 98.4 (0.95) | 99.0 (2.02) | 136.3 (3.52) | 163.1 (2.93) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 27.4 (0.85) | 23.5 (1.81) | 53.7 (2.23) | 65.8 (1.37) | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 120.6 (0.39) | 121.0 (0.76) | 128.2 (0.92) | 132.8 (0.58) | <0.001 |
| Type 2 Diabetes (%) | 3.72 (0.36) | 2.74 (0.70) | 5.04 (0.98) | 31.1 (1.34) | <0.001 |
| Fasting Glucose (mg/dL) | 88.7 (0.37) | 87.6 (0.57) | 94.5 (0.93) | 112.5 (1.18) | <0.001 |
| Across Follow-Up | |||||
| Coronary Heart Disease (%) | 5.74 (0.44) | 3.64 (0.80) | 6.59 (1.11) | 11.3 (0.91) | <0.001 |
| Stroke (%) | 2.33 (0.29) | 2.18 (0.62) | 3.19 (0.79) | 5.15 (0.64) | <0.001 |
| Heart Failure (%) | 2.69 (0.31) | 2.55 (0.67) | 3.79 (0.85) | 6.57 (0.71) | <0.001 |
| Combined CVD (%) | 8.43 (0.52) | 6.00 (1.01) | 10.2 (1.35) | 16.5 (1.07) | <0.001 |
| Mortality (%) | 14.1 (0.66) | 8.55 (1.19) | 7.19 (1.15) | 15.8 (1.05) | 0.81 |
*
p-value from Cizick's non-parametric test for trend.
MHN = Metabolically healthy normal weight throughout; MHO = Metabolically healthy obesity throughout; MHO to MUO = Transition from metabolically healthy obesity at baseline to metabolically unhealthy obesity; MUO = Metabolically unhealthy obesity throughout