Table 2.
Ocular biometry and correlation with SE in children and adults
| Children at 9 years of age (N = 2408) | Adults ≥45 years of age (N = 2957) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD; 90% range) | β (95% CI) of association with SE | Mean (SD, 90% range) | β (95% CI) of association with SE | |
| AL (mm) | ||||
| All | 23.10 (0.81; 21.79 to 24.42) | −1.06 (−1.12 to −1.01) | 23.67 (1.26; 21.82 to 25.90) | −1.61 (−1.66 to −1.56) |
| Hyperopia | 22.08 (0.69; 21.20 to 23.28) | −0.82 (−1.02 to −0.62) | 22.30 (0.90; 20.70 to 23.72) | −1.04 (−1.16 to −0.91) |
| Emmetropia | 23.08 (0.67; 22.02 to 24.23) | −0.25 (−0.28 to −0.21) | 23.30 (0.85; 21.95 to 24.71) | −0.23 (−0.23 to −0.19) |
| Myopia | 23.98 (0.83; 22.75 to 25.37) | −0.98 (−1.15 to −0.82) | 24.62 (1.19; 22.86 to 26.58) | −1.24 (−1.34 to −1.16) |
| p‐value | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| CR (mm) | ||||
| All | 7.78 (0.25; 7.38 to 8.22) | 0.70 (0.49 to 0.91) | 7.74 (0.26; 7.33 to 8.18) | 1.10 (0.74 to 1.46) |
| Hyperopia | 7.80 (0.26; 7.38 to 8.26) | 1.11 (0.52 to 1.69) | 7.79 (0.25; 7.39 to 8.23) | 0.13 (−0.47 to 0.74) |
| Emmetropia | 7.79 (0.25; 7.39 to 8.22) | 0.19 (0.01 to 0.29) | 7.75 (0.26; 7.33 to 8.20) | 0.12 (−0.13 to 0.24) |
| Myopia | 7.73 (0.25; 7.38 to 8.26) | 0.63 (−0.05 to 1.31) | 7.72 (0.26; 7.30 to 8.15) | 0.44 (−0.05 to 0.93) |
| p‐value | <0.001 | 0.008 | ||
| AL/CR ratio | ||||
| All | 2.97 (0.09; 2.84 to 3.13) | −11.56 (−11.89 to −11.23) | 3.05 (1.51; 2.83 to 3.32) | −14.43 (−14.73 to −14.13) |
| Hyperopia | 2.83 (0.08; 2.40 to 3.01) | −9.77 (−10.91 to −8.62) | 2.86 (0.11; 2.69 to 3.02) | −9.94 (−10.96 to −8.92) |
| Emmetropia | 2.96 (0.06; 2.87 to 3.06) | −4.43 (−4.76 to −4.11) | 3.01 (0.08; 2.87 to 3.14) | −3.35 (−3.73 to −2.97) |
| Myopia | 3.10 (0.09; 2.97 to 3.25) | −11.07 (−12.24 to −9.90) | 3.19 (0.14; 3.00 to 3.42) | −12.43 (−13.03 to −11.84) |
| p‐value | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| AL growth (mm/year) | ||||
| All | 0.21 (0.08; 0.11 to 0.37) | −10.54 (−11.05 to −10.04) | NA | NA |
| Hyperopia | 0.15 (0.06; 0.06 to 0.26) | −5.01 (−7.31 to −2.71) | NA | NA |
| Emmetropia | 0.19 (0.05; 0.12 to 0.29) | −3.64 (−4.07 to −3.21) | NA | NA |
| Myopia | 0.34 (0.11; 0.17 to 0.53) | −5.86 (−7.30 to −4.44) | NA | NA |
| p‐value | <0.001 | NA | ||
| CR growth (mm/year) | ||||
| All | 0.004 (0.01; −0.010 to 0.015) | 1.46 (−3.60 to 6.52) | NA | NA |
| Hyperopia | 0.003 (0.01; −0.010 to 0.015) | 4.80 (−7.79 to 17.40) | NA | NA |
| Emmetropia | 0.004 (0.01; −0.009 to 0.015) | −0.42 (−2.69 to 1.85) | NA | NA |
| Myopia | 0.003 (0.01; −0.013 to 0.015) | −3.34 (−21.07 to 14.39) | NA | NA |
| p‐value | 0.37 | NA | ||
| AL/CR change (units per year) | ||||
| All | 0.025 (0.011; 0.012 to 0.046) | −72.73 (−76.55 to −68.92) | NA | NA |
| Hyperopia | 0.018 (0.010; 0.005 to 0.034) | −31.97 (−47.33 to −16.60) | NA | NA |
| Emmetropia | 0.023 (0.008; 0.013 to 0.037) | −22.82 (−25.84 to −19.80) | NA | NA |
| Myopia | 0.043 (0.014; 0.021 to 0.068) | −41.31 (−51.99 to −30.63) | NA | NA |
| p‐value | <0.001 | NA | ||
Except where indicated otherwise, all data are presented as the mean (SD). Sample size in the refractive error categories at 9‐year‐old: hyperopia, N = 203; emmetropia, N = 1926; myopia, N = 279. Sample size in the refractive error categories in the adults: hyperopia, N = 352; emmetropia, N = 1512; myopia N = 1093. In the regression models, SE was used as the dependent variable, and the ocular biometry measurements were used as the independent variable. The models were adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity and height. p‐values reflect the differences in ocular biometry measurements between the refractive groups and were calculated using an anova.
AL = axial length, CR = corneal radius of curvature, NA = not applicable (no follow‐up data were available), SE = spherical equivalent.