Table 1.
Characteristics of participants at baseline and grouped by BZDA use data at the 3-year follow-up point (final non-users, irregular users, and users of BZDA)
| Non-users (N = 26) | Irregular users (N = 27) | Regular users (N = 30) | P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |||||
| Age (years) | 66.3 ± 5.6 | 66.9 ± 6.2 | 65.9 ± 6.9 | 0.815 | |||
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2)* | 26.4 ± 3.8 | 26.5 ± 2.9 | 30.0 ± 4.9 | 0.001 | |||
| Median [LQ, UQ] | Median [LQ, UQ] | Median [LQ, UQ] | |||||
| Use of alcohol (doses/week) | 0.9 [0, 5.5] | 2.5 [0, 5.3] | 0 [0, 2.0] | 0.106 | |||
| N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | ||
| BZDA use at baseline | |||||||
| < 5 years | 3 | (12) | 3 | (11) | 4 | (13) | 0.989 |
| 5–10 years | 13 | (50) | 13 | (48) | 16 | (53) | |
| ≥ 10 years | 10 | (39) | 11 | (41) | 10 | (34) | |
| Randomized to CRM/placebo during withdrawal | 12/14 | (46/54) | 13/14 | (48/52) | 17/13 | (57/43) | 0.700 |
| Gender, women/men | 16/10 | (62/38) | 16/11 | (59/41) | 25/5 | (83/17) | 0.094 |
| Exercise activity | |||||||
| Low | 1 | (4) | 2 | (7) | 3 | (10) | 0.696 |
| Medium | 25 | (96) | 23 | (85) | 26 | (87) | |
| High | 0 | (0) | 2 | (7) | 1 | (3) | |
| Living conditions | |||||||
| With another person | 17 | (65) | 23 | (85) | 21 | (70) | 0.228 |
| Alone | 9 | (35) | 4 | (15) | 9 | (30) | |
| Education level | |||||||
| Basic | 12 | (46) | 9 | (33) | 17 | (59) | 0.252 |
| Middle grade | 10 | (38) | 16 | (59) | 9 | (31) | |
| College or academic | 4 | (15) | 2 | (7) | 3 | (10) | |
| Occupational status | |||||||
| Regular day shifts | 4 | (15) | 1 | (4) | 6 | (20) | 0.357 |
| Irregular day shifts, shift-work | 2 | (8) | 1 | (4) | 2 | (7) | |
| Retired or unemployed | 20 | (77) | 25 | (93) | 22 | (73) | |
| Drivers’s licence | 23 | (88) | 24 | (89) | 26 | (87) | 1.000 |
| Depression | |||||||
| Not depressed (GDS-15 sum score < 6) | 25 | (96) | 25 | (93) | 24 | (80) | 0.139 |
| Depressed (GDS-15 sum score ≥ 6) | 1 | (4) | 2 | (7) | 6 | (20) | |
| Smoking | |||||||
| Non-smoker | 25 | (96) | 27 | (100) | 26 | (87) | 0.098 |
| Smoker | 1 | (4) | 0 | (0) | 4 | (13) | |
| Use of alcohol | |||||||
| Non-user | 4 | (15) | 5 | (19) | 7 | (24) | 0.192 |
| Once a month or more seldom | 9 | (34) | 5 | (19) | 14 | (48) | |
| 2–4 times a month | 7 | (27) | 11 | (42) | 6 | (21) | |
| 2 times a week or more often | 6 | (23) | 5 | (19) | 2 | (7) | |
| Satisfaction with life | |||||||
| Very satisfied | 4 | (15) | 4 | (15) | 2 | (7) | 0.871 |
| Quite satisfied | 14 | (54) | 16 | (59) | 16 | (53) | |
| Not satisfied, but not unhappy | 6 | (23) | 6 | (22) | 10 | (33) | |
| Quite unhappy | 2 | (8) | 1 | (4) | 2 | (7) | |
| Self-reported health | |||||||
| Good | 6 | (23) | 5 | (19) | 5 | (17) | 0.855 |
| Fair | 15 | (58) | 19 | (70) | 21 | (70) | |
| Poor | 5 | (19) | 3 | (11) | 4 | (13) | |
| Expected health a year later# | |||||||
| Healthier than now | 6 | (23) | 3 | (11) | 13 | (43) | 0.001 |
| No change | 18 | (69) | 23 | (85) | 10 | (33) | |
| A bit worse than now | 2 | (8) | 1 | (4) | 7 | (23) | |
*Significant differences in final non-users vs. regular users (P = 0.004) and final irregular users vs. regular users (P = 0.005)
#Significant differences in final non-users vs. regular users (P = 0.029) and final irregular users vs. regular users (P < 0.001)
P = Statistical significance of difference between final non-users, final irregular users, and final regular users
LQ Lower quartile, UQ Upper quartile, BZDA Benzodiazepine agonist, CRM Controlled-release melatonin, GDS Geriatric Depression Scale