Table 2.

Refugee humanitarian financing instruments listed according to risk and time

	Dependent upon planning	Not dependent upon planning
Risk retention (refugee host countries are responsible for risk)	● Domestic contingency funds or budget allocations: money for emergency relief set aside prior to event ● Taxes and subsidies to alter incentives for providing funding ● Line of contingent credit: a loan disbursed under certain circumstances	● Budget reallocation ● Tax increases ● Post-emergency credit ● User fees ● Taxes and subsidies to alter incentives for providing funding ● Tariffs or subsidies to alter prices of goods during emergencies
Risk transfer (refugee host countries transfer risk to another entity)	● Traditional insurance or reinsurance: contract where insured pays insurer a premium, and insurer agrees to pay for pre-specified and post-verified losses ● Indexed insurance: insurance contract where insurer makes payments based on certain external, measurable parameters or index ● Capital market instruments: financial instruments that can be bought or sold on capital markets, and investors shoulder risk (e.g., catastrophe bonds and swaps, Pandemic Emergency Financing Facility) ● Contingency pooled UN funds (e.g., Central Emergency Relief Fund and Country-Based Pooled Funds)	● Discretionary post-emergency aid: includes in-kind and cash transfers
		Discretionary post-emergency aid is the most common instrument for aid delivery in humanitarian emergencies and is provided primarily by HICs