Table 1.
Fungal species found and their usages
| Scientific name | Vernacular name (pinyin/Chinese/Yi) | Habitat characteristics | Main chemical components | Nutritional and medicinal value | Accession number of specimens |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agaricus silvicola (Vittad) Peck. (Agaricaceae) | san juer 伞菌 |
Forest, grow alone or in a small group | Edible, tasty, but there are some cases of poisoning. Harvest time: summer, autumn | s.n. | |
| Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Gray (Agaricaceae) | mao cao jun 茅草菌 |
Grow in pine forest | Rich in proteins, crude fiber, unsaturated fatty acids, nucleic acid derivatives, vitamins B1, B2, vitamin C [45] | Strengthen body, condition the stomach, relieve pain, nourish lungs, and regulate breath; anti-cancer. Harvest time: summer | Y-M-070 |
| Vascellum pratense (Pers.) Kreisel (Agaricaceae) | ma pi pao 马皮泡 |
Grow alone, in grassy areas, forest edges | Edible when they are young. Harvest time: spring, autumn | s.n. | |
| Sarcodon imbricatus (L.) P. Karst. (Bankeraceae) | hu zhang jun 虎掌菌 |
Grow in forest with humic soil | Condition the stomach, nourish lungs, and regulate breath; anti-cancer. Harvest time: summer | Y-M-069 | |
| Boletus luridus Schaeff. (Boletaceae) | jian shou qing 见手青 |
Forest edges, grow alone or in a small group | Rich in proteins, amino acids, minerals, and polysaccharides [46] | Harvest time: summer | Y-M-068 |
| Boletus edulis Rostk. (Boletaceae) [47] | mei wei niu gan jun 美味牛肝菌 Yi: ba hmu |
Broad-leaved forest, grow alone or in a small group | Rich in polysaccharides, alkaloids (mainly of choline), putrescine, sterols [48] | Alleviate cold symptoms [49]. Harvest time: summer | Y-M-058 |
| Cantharellus cibarius Fr. (Cantharellaceae) | huang si jun 黄丝菌 Yi: va cy hmu |
Grow in forest of north temperate zone [50] | Rich in proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, carotene, crude fiber, phosphorus, and a variety of mineral nutrients [51] | Clean liver, improve vision, diuresis, nourish lungs, and regulate breath. Harvest time: summer | Y-M-062 |
| Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) G.H. Sung et al. (Clavicipitaceae) | chong cao 虫草 Yi: se ge bbup ddi |
Rich in mannitol, SOD, and polysaccharides | Anti-cancer, anti-tumor, nourish lungs, and regulate breath. Harvest time: spring | Y-M-064 | |
| Ramaria botrytis (Pers.) Ricken (Gomphaceae) | shua ba jun 刷把菌 |
Forest, grow alone | Edible, delicious taste, nourish the stomach, anti-cancer. Harvest time: summer, autumn | s.n. | |
| Ramaria madagascariensis (Henn.) Corner (Gomphaceae) | sao ba jun 扫把菌 |
Coniferous forest, grow alone or in a small group | Edible, delicious taste. Harvest time: summer, autumn | s.n. | |
| Helvella atra Oeder (Helvellaceae) | pi tiao jun 皮条菌 |
Grow clustered or scattered in forests | Prevent pernicious anemia, improve neurasthenia, cholesterol-lowering. Harvest time: summer, autumn | s.n. | |
| Hericium erinaceus (Bull.) Pers. (Helvellaceae) | yang mao jun 羊毛菌 Yi: nyut o hmu |
Grow on the top of trees | Rich in unsaturated fatty acids | Anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, protect liver, strengthen immunity, anti-aging, and enhance blood circulation. Harvest time: spring, summer, autumn | Y-M-061 |
| Termitomyces albuminosus (Berk.) Heim (Lyophyllaceae) | ji zong jun 鸡枞菌 |
Have symbiotic relationship with termite nests, grow in broad-leaved and coniferous forest | Rich in proteins, crude fat, crude fiber, and a variety of mineral nutrients [52] | Improve immune system, improve sleep. Harvest time: summer, autumn | Y-M-060 |
| Termitomyces microcarpus (Berk et Brome) R. Heim (Lyophyllaceae) | huo ba ji zong 火把鸡枞 |
Have symbiotic relationship with termite nests, grow in groups | Rich in proteins [53] | Protect stomach. Harvest time: summer, autumn | s.n. |
| Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers. (Morocellaceae) [54] | yang du jun 羊肚菌 Yi: yo qy tie hmu |
Grow in coniferous forests and broad-leaved forests | Rich in vitamin B1, B2, B12 [55] | Protect stomach, nourish the lungs, and strengthen immunity. Harvest time: spring, summer, autumn | Y-M-067 |
| Phallus indusiatus Vent. (Phallaceae) | zhu gu niang 竹姑娘 |
Grow in hot and humid areas | Rich in proteins, crude fat, and crude fiber [56] | Nourish lungs and regulate breath, improve sleep, strengthen immunity. Harvest time: autumn | Y-M-066 |
| Lactarius volemus (Fr.) Fr. (Russulaceae) | nai jiang jun 奶浆菌 |
Grow in conifer mixed forest | Rich in a variety of essential amino acids, protein, fat, vitamins, and a variety of mineral nutrients [57] | Anti-cancer, lower blood pressure, protect liver, detoxifying, diuresis. Harvest time: spring, summer, autumn | s.n. |
| Russula virescens (Schaeff.) Fr. (Russulaceae) [58] | qing tou jun 青头菌 |
Grow in mixed forest | Protect liver, protect eyesight. Harvest time: summer, autumn | s.n. | |
| Russula nitida (Pers.) Fr. (Russulaceae) [59] | xiao hong jun 小红菌 Yi: zzit hmu |
Grow in broad-leaved forest, solitary or in groups | Harvest time: summer, autumn | s.n. | |
| Sparassia crispa (Wulfen) Fr. (Sparassidaceae) | hua er xiu qiu jun 花饵绣球菌 |
Grow in mountains, pine forest, central and western of Yunnan | Anti-aging, cholesterol-lowering, anti-cancer, strengthen immunity. Harvest time: summer | Y-M-059 | |
| Stropharia rugosoannulata Farl. ex Murrill (Sparassidaceae) | zhou huan qiu gai gu 皱环球盖菇 |
Grow in forest edges, grassy areas, gardens, garbage dumps, sawdust pile, cattle dunghill | Rich in vitamins and a variety of mineral nutrients [60] | Nourish brain. Harvest time: spring, summer, autumn | s.n. |
| Tricholoma matsutake (S. Ito et S. Imai) Singer (Tricholomataceae) | song rong 松茸 Yi: te hmu |
Grow in natural forests without any pollution and human intervention | Rich in proteins, vitamins, and a variety of mineral nutrients [61] | Strengthen immunity, anti-cancer, anti-aging, prevent cardiovascular disease, improve gastrointestinal function, protect liver. Harvest time: summer | Y-M-063 |